Paper 1 Physical

• What is a natural hazard?

  A natural event threatening people or causing damage
• What are examples of natural hazards?

  Flood, volcanic eruption, earthquake, tropical storm
• How are natural hazards classified?

  By the physical processes that caused them
• What are tectonic hazards?

  Hazards created by Earth's tectonic plate movement
• What are atmospheric hazards?

  Hazards created in the atmosphere
• What are geomorphological hazards?

  Hazards originating on or near Earth's surface
• What are biological hazards?

  Hazards posed by living things
• When are natural events considered natural hazards?

  When they occur close to human populations
• What is hazard risk?

  The probability of a natural hazard occurring
• How does urbanization affect hazard risk?

  Densely populated areas have greater risk
• How does development level affect hazard risk?

  HICs are better equipped than LICs
• How does land use change affect hazard risk?

  Deforestation and urbanization can increase risk
• How does climate change affect natural hazards?

  It affects the magnitude and frequency of hazards
• Why are some places more at risk of natural hazards?

  Due to geographical location and tectonic boundaries
• What is the Pacific Ring of Fire known for?

  Higher risk of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes
• How does temperature increase due to climate change affect tropical storms?

  More tropical storms will affect tropical countries
• What are the types of natural hazards?

  • Tectonic hazards: Movement of Earth's tectonic plates
  • Atmospheric hazards: Created in the atmosphere
  • Geomorphological hazards: Originate near Earth's surface
  • Biological hazards: Posed by living organisms
• What factors affect hazard risk?

  • Urbanisation: Higher risk in densely populated areas
  • Development: HICs better equipped than LICs
  • Land use: Changes like deforestation increase risk
  • Climate change: Affects magnitude and frequency of hazards
  • Geographical location: Proximity to tectonic boundaries increases risk
• What is the definition of a natural hazard?

  A natural event posing a threat to life
• What is the relationship between hazard frequency and risk?

  Increased frequency can raise hazard risk
• What is the best starting point for studying plate tectonics?

  Examining the structure of the Earth
• How many layers is the Earth divided into?

  Four layers
• What are the four layers of the Earth?

  Inner core, outer core, mantle, crust
• What distinguishes the crust from the other layers of the Earth?

  It is the outermost and thinnest layer
• What are the two types of crust?

  Oceanic and continental crust
• How thick is the continental crust?

  20 to 200 kilometres
• Why is continental crust less dense than oceanic crust?

  It is primarily composed of granite
• How old can continental crust be?

  Up to 3.8 billion years
• What is the thickness range of oceanic crust?

  5 to 10 kilometres
• What is the primary composition of oceanic crust?

  Dense basalt
• What happens when oceanic crust converges with continental crust?

  Oceanic crust descends into the mantle
• What is the term for the process where oceanic crust descends into the mantle?

  Subduction
• How old is oceanic crust typically?

  Less than 200 million years
• What do the crust and upper mantle form together?

  The lithosphere
• How thick is the lithosphere?

  Around 100 kilometres
• What are the mechanical properties of the lithosphere?

  Solid and brittle
• What are tectonic plates made of?

  Sections of the lithosphere
• What is a common misconception about the mantle?

  That it is made up of liquid magma
• What is the asthenosphere?

  The section beneath the lithosphere
• How deep does the asthenosphere extend?

  From approximately 100 to 400 kilometres