Vaccination

• What is immunity?

  The ability to resist infection
• What are the two forms of immunity?

  Passive and active immunity
• How is passive immunity produced?

  By introducing antibodies from an outside source
• Is direct contact with the pathogen necessary for passive immunity?

  No, it is not necessary
• What is a key characteristic of passive immunity?

  It does not provide lasting immunity
• What is active immunity?

  Immunity produced by the individual's immune system
• What is required for active immunity to develop?

  Direct contact with the pathogen or its antigen
• How long does it take for active immunity to develop?

  It takes time to develop
• What are the two types of active immunity?

  Natural and artificial active immunity
• What is natural active immunity?

  Immunity from infection under normal circumstances
• What is artificial active immunity?

  Immunity formed through vaccination
• What is vaccination?

  The introduction of disease antigens into the body
• What is the purpose of vaccination?

  To stimulate an immune response against disease
• What is contained in a vaccine?

  One or more types of antigen from the pathogen
• What do memory cells do?

  Allow a rapid response to future infections
• What is herd immunity?

  Protection for the population when many are vaccinated
• Why is herd immunity important?

  It protects those who are not immune
• What factors affect the success of a vaccination program?

  Availability, side effects, and administration
• What must be available for vaccination programs to succeed?

  Means of producing, storing, and transporting vaccines
• What is required for effective vaccination administration?

  Trained staff at various centers
• What is the goal of vaccinating the majority of the vulnerable population?

  To produce herd immunity
• Why might vaccination not eliminate a disease?

  Some individuals may not develop immunity
• What can happen immediately after vaccination?

  Individuals may develop the disease
• How can pathogen mutation affect vaccination?

  It can make vaccines ineffective
• Why is it difficult to develop vaccines for some pathogens?

  There are many varieties of the pathogen
• How do some pathogens evade the immune system?

  By hiding inside cells or inaccessible areas
• What are some reasons individuals may refuse vaccination?

  Religious, ethical, or medical objections
• What ethical issues arise from vaccination programs?

  Use of animals and risk of side effects
• What should be considered when testing vaccines?

  On whom and how trials are conducted
• Why might vaccination be compulsory?

  To protect public health during epidemics
• What is a potential issue with expensive vaccination programs?

  Less funding for other disease treatments
• How can health risks from vaccination be balanced?

  Against the benefits of controlling diseases