Globalisation

• AO2: McLuhan

  'Global Village' - 1960s media/comm. created a giant 'CNS' connecting the world, making it seem smaller + more like a 'village'.
• AO2: Albrow's definition of globalisation

  'All the processes by which ppl get incorporated into 1 society'
• AO2: Water's definition of globalisation

  'The social process by which geographic constraints on economical/political/societal/cultural arrangements decline'
• AO2: Martell

  Globalisation makes time zones + geographical distance less important.
• AO2: Harvey + Martell's ideas

  • Said globalisation leads to 'space-time compression' - digital tech creates instant communication
  • Erases distance
  • Physical space gets subbed for virtual space.
• What is quickly crossing national borders due to globalisation?

  Goods, ppl, services, ideas, disease, terrorism etc.
• _______ societies are becoming g_______ ___________.

  Distant - globally intertwined
• What is occurring now that macro and micro are being intertwined?


  Ordinary ppl's lives are being shaped by events + decisions that could be far away from them.
• Cultural globalisation

  Once distinct cultures are blending together + influencing e/o.
• Name 3 causes for cultural globalisation:

  Migration, cheap travel + worldwide comm.
• 3 responses to cultural globalisation:

  1. Cultural homogenisation
  2. Cultural hybridity
  3. Cultural defence
• Who identified the 3 responses to cultural globalisation?

  Stuart Hall in his study into National Identity
• AO2: IS as a hybrid culture

  They use 21st Cen. tech to express their 7th Cen. ideology.
• AO2: IS as a form of cultural defence

  They reject 21st Cen. global culture + want to return to 7th Cen. political arrangements.
• What did Giddens say that globalisation can cause?

  • De-traditionalization (questioning trad. beliefs) ➡️ Cosmopolitanism (outlook on a global identity) ➡️ Reflexivity (lifestyle of constantly questioning)
  • Manufactured risks
  • These lead to addictions (trying to anchor yourself to smth stable) or fundamentalism (fixating on 1 belief)
• De-traditionalisation

  • Giddens
  • De-traditionalization caused by globalisation
  • When ppl question trad. beliefs ab. religion, gender roles etc.
  • Leads to reflexivity
• Reflexivity

  • Giddens
  • Caused by de-traditionalization stimulating people to take on a 'Cosmopolitan' outlook on life
  • Lifestyle of constant questioning + re-evaluating
• Manufactured risks

  • Giddens
  • Threats resulting from our own tech e.g. oil spills, global warming
• Economic globalisation

  • How trade, banking + tourism have made diff. parts of the world interdependent
  • It's also created inequalities & profits in diff. places.
• Earliest example of economic globalisation?

  B. Empire's Indian + African colonies
• Exchange of goods between developed - developing countries:

  • Resources taken from developING countries ➡️ developED countries that don't have them.
  • In return, developING countries sold goods they couldn't create themselves.
• AO2: IS showing economic globalisation

  They stole oil + sold it on black market
• Free Trade perspective

  If everyone trades, everyone benefits
• Protectionist perspective

  Local communities must erect barriers against free trade
• Provide 2 examples of Protectionist actions.

  1. Tariff imported goods
  2. Restrict immigration
• AO2: Robinson

  • Marxist
  • New Cap. class has emerged called 'transnational bourgeoisie' - made of 'global elite' businessppl w/ no loyalty to any 1 country + global investments
  • New 'transnational state' outside national borders
  • Transnational state + bourgeoisie = 21st Cen. hegemony. Well-connected socially, economically and politically + capable of manipulating national governments ➡️ 'democracy' is an illusion. ​
• Give 2 critiques of Robinson's ideas:

  1. They don't explain why nationalism is growing.
  2. Ideas ab. a 'transnational bourgeoisie' aren't evidenced.
• Give 3 SUPRA-national organisations:

  EU, UN + World Trade Organisation
• Why do we have Supra-national organisations?

  Nation states create problems (e.g. war) + aren't prepped to deal w/ problems spanning borders (e.g. terrorism) SO they're supervised by larger bodies that make global decisions
• When was the EU formed?

  1993
• What were the 2 CONTROVERSIAL EU regs?

  1. Euro as single currency
  2. Free movement of labour
• 2 pros associated w/ globalisation:

  1. Greater geo. mobility - migration
  2. More multiculturalism
• 2 cons associated w/ globalisation:

  1. Lack of cultural diversity - homogenisation
  2. Exploitation
• Globalisation is hard to define because its used ___________ by _________ ppl.

  differently - different
• Globalisation is difficult to o_____________ and r_______. 

  operationalise - research
• Globalisation is hard to define because its not a - process.

  new
• AO2: Wiseman

  Globalisation is hard to define bc some sociologists have +ve interpretation of it whereas others have a -ve interpretation
• Globalisation occurs at _________ _____ globally.

  different rates