Prejudice

• What are stereotypes a result of?

  Social heuristics
• How do stereotypes help us?

  They provide shortcuts to categorize groups
• What is the affective element of stereotypes?

  Prejudice
• What does Allport's 1954 definition of prejudice describe?

  A motivated cognitive style
• How does the stereotype of women being nurturing affect them?

  They face prejudice in competence-related areas
• What are the key terms related to group membership?

  • Ingroup: A group you belong to
  • Outgroup: A group you do not belong to
  • Intergroup bias: Preference for ingroup over outgroup
• What is prejudice defined as?

  A negative attitude towards outgroup members
• How do stereotypes and prejudice differ?

  Stereotypes are cognitive; prejudice is affective
• What is discrimination in the context of prejudice?

  The act of not hiring someone due to prejudice
• What is the main goal of social identity theory?

  To strive for a positive identity
• Why do individuals prefer their ingroup according to social identity theory?

  To maximize positive differences from outgroups
• What is the "need to belong" according to Baumeister & Liery?

  A fundamental human motivation
• What does self-categorization theory involve?

  People categorize themselves into social identities
• Who coined the term intersectionality?

  Professor Kimberlé Crenshaw
• What does intersectionality highlight?

  Discrimination faced by individuals with multiple identities
• What is infrahumanization?

  The view that groups are fundamentally different
• How does dehumanization relate to infrahumanization?

  Dehumanization is the extreme form of infrahumanization
• How does objectification relate to dehumanization?

  It disrupts women's likelihood of protesting sexism
• Who proposed the authoritarian personality explanation of prejudice?

  Theodor Adorno
• What does the F-scale measure?

  Authoritarian personality traits
• How does strict parenting relate to prejudice?

  It promotes authoritarian personality traits
• What is the need for closure?

  The desire for a definitive answer
• How does the need for closure relate to prejudice?

  It leads to bias towards easy answers
• What does realistic group conflict theory suggest?

  Prejudice develops from competition for resources
• What was the setting of the Robbers Cave study?

  A summer camp in the U.S.
• What were the three stages of the Robbers Cave study?

  Group formation, competition, conflict reduction
• What does the minimal group paradigm demonstrate?

  Discriminatory responses occur from arbitrary categorization
• How can intergroup contact reduce prejudice?

  By bringing together members of different groups
• What conditions are necessary for effective intergroup contact?

  Cooperation, common goals, equal status
• What did Wright et al. (1997) study in their experiments?

  Intergroup contact and cooperation
• What are the limitations of intergroup contact theory?

  • Dependence on positive norms
  • Effectiveness relies on identification with ingroup members
  • Possible superficial attitude change
• What are the key concepts summarized in the study material?

  • Definitions of prejudice
  • Individual differences in prejudice
  • Authoritarian personality
  • Intergroup theories of prejudice
  • Realistic group conflict theory
  • Minimal group paradigm
  • Social identity theory
  • Prejudice reduction
  • Intergroup contact theory