stats

• What is raw data?

  Unprocessed data that needs organization
• Why is qualitative data often more difficult to analyze?

  It is non-numerical and subjective
• What type of data is height classified as?

  Quantitative data
• What distinguishes discrete data from continuous data?

  Discrete data takes specific values, continuous can take any
• What is categorical data?

  Data sorted into non-overlapping categories
• How is ordinal data characterized?

  It can be ranked on a rating scale
• What does bivariate data involve?

  Measuring two variables
• What is multivariate data?

  Data involving more than two variables
• What are the pros and cons of grouping data?

  Pros:

  • Easier to read and understand
  • Helps spot patterns and compare data

  
  

  Cons:

  • Loses accuracy of exact values
  • Calculations are only estimates
• What is primary data?

  Data collected by yourself or on your behalf
• What is secondary data?

  Data that has already been collected
• What defines a population in research?

  Everyone or everything involved in the investigation
• What is a census?

  A survey of the entire population
• What is a sample in research?

  A smaller number from the population surveyed
• What is a sampling frame?

  A list of all members of the population
• What is a biased sample?

  A sample that does not represent the population fairly
• What is a random sample?

  Every item has an equal chance of selection
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of random sampling?

  Advantages:

  • Representative sample
  • Unbiased selection

  
  

  Disadvantages:

  • Requires a full population list
  • Can be expensive and time-consuming

  
• What is stratified sampling?

  Sample size is proportional to population strata
• What is systematic sampling?

  Choosing items at regular intervals
• What is cluster sampling?

  Population divided into groups, all members sampled
• What is quota sampling?

  Fixed amount sampled from each group
• What is opportunity sampling?

  Using available people/items at the time
• What is judgment sampling?

  Researcher selects sample based on their judgment
• What is the Petersen Capture-Recapture method used for?

  Estimating size of large or moving populations

  
• What is the first step in the Petersen Capture-Recapture method?

  Take a sample of the population
• What is an explanatory variable?

  The variable that is changed in an experiment
• What is a response variable?

  The variable that is measured in an experiment
• What are extraneous variables?

  Variables not of interest that could affect results
• What are the types of experiments?

  1. Laboratory Experiments

  • Full control over variables
  • Conducted in a lab

  1. Field Experiments

  • Conducted in everyday environments
  • Some control over variables

  1. Natural Experiments

  • No control over variables
  • Observes existing conditions
• What is the advantage of laboratory experiments?

  Easy to replicate and control variables
• What is a disadvantage of field experiments?

  Cannot control extraneous variables
• What is a disadvantage of natural experiments?

  Low validity due to uncontrolled variables
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of simulations?

  Advantages:

  • Models random events
  • Useful for predicting outcomes

  
  

  Disadvantages:

  • May not reflect real-life scenarios
  • Limited by assumptions made
• What does the ability of pupils refer to in revision?

  It refers to how well pupils can learn.
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of natural experiments?

  Advantages:

  • More accurate, reflects real-life behavior.

  
  

  Disadvantages:

  • Cannot control extraneous variables.
  • Not easy to replicate, less reliable than lab experiments.
• What is a natural experiment?

  It is conducted in everyday environments.
• What is an explanatory variable in a natural experiment?

  It is the variable that is not changed.
• In the example of education's effect on income, what is the explanatory variable?

  Level of education
• In the example of education's effect on income, what is the response variable?

  Income