non-communicable disease

• What are risk factors?

  Something which increases the chances of getting a disease
• What are some examples of risk factors for disease?

  Smoking, UV exposure, genetics/genes, bad diet, hygiene, age, no exercise, workplace, drug
• Why do the risk factors for disease often add up to more than 100%?

  Because many diseases are multifactorial, with many factors involved
• What are the main risk factors for Type 2 diabetes?

  Lack of exercise, poor diet, age, obesity, genes
• What are the main risk factors for liver disease?

  High alcohol intake, drug taking, smoking, genes, viral infection, poor diet
• What are the main risk factors that can damage an unborn child?

  Smoking, drinking, excessive caffeine intake, drug-taking, viral disease
• What are the main risk factors for cancer?

  UV exposure, smoking, genetics, viral infections
• What is the main component of tar in cigarette smoke?

  A thick, sticky black substance that is carcinogenic
• How does tar in cigarette smoke affect the lungs?

  It coats the alveoli and bronchioles, causing coughing and making gas exchange difficult, leading to emphysema
• What is the effect of hydrogen cyanide in cigarette smoke?

  It is a very poisonous gas that causes damage to the cells of the lungs
• What is the effect of carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke?

  It can bind to hemoglobin in the blood instead of oxygen, reducing oxygen delivery to cells
• What is the effect of nicotine in cigarette smoke?

  It is a highly addictive drug that acts directly on the brain and increases heart rate and blood pressure
• How does smoking increase the risk of heart disease?

  Smoking causes the platelets in the blood to become more sticky, increasing the risk of blood clots
• What are the main food groups?

  Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals
• What are some examples of deficiency diseases?

  Night blindness (lack of vitamin A), rickets (lack of vitamin D), scurvy (lack of vitamin C), anemia (lack of iron)
• What is BMI?

  Body mass index, a measure of the relationship between a person's height and weight
• What are the limitations of using BMI?

  BMI does not take into account factors like muscle mass and bone density
• What are the health issues linked to poor diet and lack of exercise?

  Malnutrition, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, obesity, high blood pressure, deficiency diseases
• What are the short-term effects of alcohol?

  Nausea, vomiting, slurred speech, reduced inhibitions, changes in mood, memory loss
• What are the long-term effects of alcohol?

  Organ damage, weakened immune system, weakened bones, increased blood pressure and cholesterol, dementia
• What are the effects of alcohol on a developing fetus?

  Miscarriage, premature birth, low birth weight, developmental problems, fetal alcohol syndrome
• What is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?

  A condition caused by a pregnant mother drinking alcohol, leading to facial deformities, learning delays, and other developmental problems in the child
• What are the main sources of ionizing radiation?

  Ultraviolet light from the sun, radioactive materials in the environment, medical and dental x-rays, nuclear power plant accidents
• What is coronary heart disease (CHD)?

  A non-communicable degenerative disease where fatty plaque builds up in the coronary arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart muscle
• What are the steps in the development of coronary heart disease?

  1. Damage to the inner surface of the coronary arteries, 2. Buildup of fatty plaque, 3. Thickening and reduced elasticity of artery walls, 4. Reduced lumen diameter
• How does reduced blood flow to the heart muscle lead to a heart attack?

  Less oxygen and glucose reach the heart muscle, reducing aerobic respiration and energy production, causing heart muscle cells to die and a heart attack to occur
• What are the main symptoms of coronary heart disease?

  Breathlessness after exercise, high blood pressure, chest pain on exertion (angina), heart attack
• How does inserting a stent help treat coronary heart disease?

  A stent increases the size of the narrowed artery lumen, reducing the symptoms of CHD
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of using BMI to assess health risk?

  Strengths:

  • Quick and easy to calculate
  • Provides a general indication of weight status

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Does not account for muscle mass, bone density, or body fat percentage
  • May overestimate or underestimate health risk for some individuals
  • Not as accurate for children, elderly, or very muscular people
• What are the steps in the development of coronary heart disease?

  1. Damage to the inner surface of the coronary arteries
  2. Buildup of fatty plaque (atheroma) in the damaged artery walls
  3. Thickening and reduced elasticity of the artery walls
  4. Reduced diameter of the artery lumen (opening)
• How does reduced blood flow to the heart muscle lead to a heart attack?

  • Less oxygen and glucose reach the heart muscle cells
  • This reduces aerobic respiration and energy production in the heart muscle
  • The heart muscle cells start to die due to lack of energy
  • This can lead to a heart attack as the heart muscle is damaged and cannot pump effectively
• What are the main treatments for coronary heart disease?

  • Insertion of a stent to open up the narrowed artery
  • Medications to lower cholesterol, blood pressure, and thin the blood
  • Lifestyle changes like quitting smoking, improving diet, and increasing exercise
  • Coronary artery bypass surgery in severe cases
• What are the main prevention strategies for coronary heart disease?

  • Quit smoking
  • Eat a healthy, balanced diet low in saturated fat and high in fiber
  • Maintain a healthy body weight through regular exercise
  • Manage conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes
  • Reduce stress and get enough sleep
• What is the first derivative of $x^2$?


  $2x$
• How does photosynthesis work in plants?

  Process of photosynthesis:

  1. Light absorption by chlorophyll
  2. Light-dependent reactions: water splits, electrons excited
  3. Electron transport chain: ATP and NADPH produced
  4. Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions):

  • CO2 fixation
  • Reduction of fixed carbon
  • Regeneration of RuBP

  1. Glucose and other carbohydrates synthesized
• What can block the coronary arteries?

  Fatty layers and blood clots
• What is the effect of blocked coronary arteries?

  Less oxygen and glucose get to the heart muscle
• What happens to the rate of aerobic respiration in the heart muscle when the coronary arteries are blocked?

  Reduced rate of aerobic respiration
• What is the effect of reduced aerobic respiration in the heart muscle?

  Heart muscle has less energy
• What can happen to the heart muscle cells when the coronary arteries are blocked?

  Heart muscle cells will die