Immunology

• What is immunology?


  Immunology studies the body's immune system.
• What does immunology explore regarding the immune system?

  It explores how the body recognizes and responds to threats.
• What happens when a virus enters the body?

  The immune system identifies it as a pathogen.
• How does the immune system respond to a virus?

  It activates immune cells to attack and eliminate it.
• What are the key reasons for the importance of immunology?

  • Protection against pathogens
  • Disease prevention
  • Combatting infections
  • Wound healing
  • Maintaining homeostasis
  • Targeting cancer cells
  • Developing effective vaccines
  • Understanding allergies and autoimmune disorders
  • Guiding transplantation and tissue rejection
• What role does the immune system play in protecting against pathogens?

  It prevents infections by recognizing and eliminating them.
• How do effective immune responses relate to vaccines?

  They help prevent various diseases through vaccination.
• What is the role of immune cells during an infection?

  They actively fight infections and clear pathogens.
• How does the immune system contribute to wound healing?

  It helps repair tissues and promotes healing.
• What is one function of the immune system related to homeostasis?

  It helps regulate body functions and maintain stability.
• How does the immune system target cancer cells?

  It identifies and attacks abnormal or cancerous cells.
• Why is understanding immunity important for vaccine development?

  It enables the creation of vaccines to stimulate responses.
• How does studying the immune system help with allergies and autoimmune disorders?

  It helps explain and manage immune-related conditions.
• What principles of immunology guide organ transplantation?

  They help manage tissue rejection during transplants.
• How do vaccines stimulate the immune system?

  They produce antibodies that neutralize specific viruses.
• What is an example of how vaccines work?

  Vaccines prevent illnesses like influenza.
• What is the main component of innate immunity?

  Physical barriers and epithelial cells
• What are the four main sites of innate immunity?

  Lungs, Digestive, Urogenital, Skin
• What are the two phases of innate immunity?

  Innate phase and Early-induced phase
• What is the main function of the innate phase of innate immunity?

  Immediate action to kill, weaken or mark pathogens
• What is the main function of the early-induced phase of innate immunity?

  Sensing, Recruitment, and Inflammation
• What are the different sites where epithelial cells are found?


  Skin, Lacrimal glands, Salivary glands, etc.
• What are the components of the skin's innate immune response?

  Lamella bodies, Fatty acids, Dead outer layer, Antimicrobials
• What type of antimicrobials are found in the skin?

  Alpha/Beta defensins, S100 proteins
• What are the innate immune mechanisms in the stomach?

  Low pH, Digestive enzymes, Mechanical flow
• What are the innate immune mechanisms in the small intestine?

  Change in pH, Digestive enzymes, Antimicrobial peptides, Fluid flow
• What are the innate immune mechanisms in the large intestine?

  Microbiome, Antibiotics, Expulsion of faeces
• What is the function of alveolar macrophages in the lungs?

  Phagocytosis
• What are the innate immune mechanisms in the lungs?

  Mechanical flow, Coughing/Sneezing, Alveolar macrophages, Mucociliary escalator, Surfactant proteins
• What are the innate immune mechanisms in the lacrimal glands?

  Tears (flow), Lysozyme
• What are the innate immune mechanisms in the salivary glands?

  Saliva, Lactoferrin, Lysozyme, Antibodies
• What are the types of cell junctions found in epithelial cells?

  Tight junction, Adherens junction, Desmosome
• What are the structures found on the apical surface of epithelial cells?

  Cilia, Microvilli
• What are the functions of soluble mediators in epithelial cells?

  Recruit, Detect PAMPs
• What are the layers of the skin?

  Stratum corneum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum basale
• What are the components of the lamina propria in the gut?

  Cell shedding, Crypt, Villus, Mucus, Goblet cell, Enteroendocrine cells, Paneth cells, Absorptive epithelial cells
• What are the functions of epithelial cells in innate immunity?

  Detection, Warning, Barriers, Innate response
• How do the different layers of the skin contribute to innate immunity?

  Stratum corneum provides a physical barrier, Stratum granulosum produces lamellar granules, Stratum spinosum contains keratinocytes, and Stratum basale contains stem cells
• How do epithelial cells in the gut respond to pathogens?

  They produce cytokines, chemokines, and antimicrobial peptides, and recruit immune cells
• What type of immunity is associated with a cellular response?

  Innate immunity