B3

• What are microorganisms?

  Tiny organisms including bacteria, viruses, protists, fungi
• What are pathogens?

  Microorganisms that can cause disease
• How can pathogens spread?

  From person to person
• What are communicable diseases?

  Diseases caused by pathogens that spread
• What types of organisms are included in pathogens?

  Bacteria, viruses, protists, fungi
• What are viruses considered to be?

  Organisms
• How do viruses reproduce?

  By using another organism's cell machinery
• What happens when a virus bursts a cell?

  New viruses find new cells to infect
• Why do viruses make us feel ill?

  They damage our bodies during infection
• What are the main ways pathogens spread?

  • Through the air
  • Contaminated food and water
  • Direct contact
• How is the measles virus spread?

  By droplets from coughing or sneezing
• What are the symptoms of measles?

  Red rash and fever
• Why is measles rare in the UK?

  Most people are vaccinated against it
• How is HIV primarily spread?

  Through sexual contact and bodily fluids
• How do airborne pathogens spread?

  Through tiny droplets from coughing or sneezing
• What does HIV stand for?

  Human immunodeficiency virus
• What is cholera?

  A bacterial disease spread by contaminated water
• What does HIV do to the immune system?

  It causes a deficient immune system
• How is salmonella spread?

  By eating contaminated food, especially chicken
• What symptoms might occur when someone first catches HIV?

  Flu-like symptoms such as fever and tiredness
• What is athlete's foot?

  A fungal infection spread by direct contact
• What happens to the immune system over time after HIV infection?

  It becomes weaker, leading to unusual infections
• How can we prevent the spread of diseases?

  By practicing good hygiene and vaccination
• What is AIDS?

  A disease where the immune system can't cope
• How has the treatment for HIV changed over time?

  Antiretroviral drugs prevent virus replication
• What is a common hygiene practice to prevent disease spread?

  Washing hands after using the bathroom
• What are vectors in the context of pathogens?

  Organisms that transport pathogens
• What can people with access to antiretroviral drugs do?

  Live normal lives despite HIV
• What does the tobacco mosaic virus affect?

  Certain plant species like tobacco
• How can insect vectors be controlled?

  By spreading insecticides to kill them
• What is the best way to prevent disease spread?

  Vaccinating everyone against diseases
• What is the visual effect of tobacco mosaic virus on plants?

  It causes discolored patches on leaves
• What happens if vaccination fails to prevent disease spread?

  Infected individuals may need to be quarantined
• How does tobacco mosaic virus affect photosynthesis?

  It reduces the plant's ability to produce sugars
• What are the main effects of viral infections on the body?

  • Damage to cells
  • Symptoms like fever and rash
  • Weakened immune response
• What are the four methods to reduce pathogen spread?

  1. Maintain hygiene
  2. Kill vectors
  3. Vaccinate people
  4. Quarantine infected individuals
• When do we typically quarantine individuals?

  For serious diseases that can harm others
• What is the focus of the next three videos mentioned?

  Detailed look at four types of pathogens
• What is a common misconception about bacteria?

  Most bacteria cause disease in humans
• What role do most bacteria play in the human body?

  They help us digest food