B2

• What are the different levels of organization in a multicellular organism?

  Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms
• What are organelles also known as?

  Subcellular structures
• What is the role of organelles in a cell?

  Each organelle has a specific role
• What do multiple organelles combine to form?

  A single cell
• What are specialized cells?

  Different types of cells with specific functions
• Name three types of specialized cells.

  Epithelial cells, muscle cells, glandular cells
• How can tissues be described?

  A group of similar cells working together
• What type of tissue do epithelial cells form?

  Epithelial tissue
• What is the function of epithelial tissue?

  Covering the body's surfaces
• What do muscle cells form?

  Muscle tissue
• What is the function of muscle tissue?

  Contracting and relaxing to move body parts
• What do glandular cells form?

  Glandular tissue
• What is the role of glandular tissue?

  Making and secreting chemicals
• What defines an organ?

  A group of different tissues working together
• What types of tissues might form an organ like the stomach?

  Epithelial, muscular, and glandular tissues
• What is the function of the stomach?

  Killing microorganisms and breaking down proteins
• What is an organ system?

  A group of organs working together
• What organs are part of the digestive system?

  Stomach, pancreas, and liver
• What is the role of the digestive system?

  Digesting food and absorbing nutrients
• What are enzymes primarily responsible for in living cells?

  They speed up chemical reactions
• Name two other organ systems.

  Cardiovascular system and reproductive system
• Why are enzymes important for living cells?

  They facilitate numerous chemical reactions quickly
• What is the highest level of organization in a multicellular organism?

  The whole organism
• What is a major problem with increasing temperature to speed up reactions?

  It can damage cells and speed up unwanted reactions
• How many different organ systems are there approximately?

  About 12 different organ systems
• How is a catalyst defined?

  A substance that speeds up reactions without being used
• What distinguishes enzymes from general catalysts?

  Enzymes are biological catalysts made by living organisms
• Name three other organs mentioned.

  Skin, lungs, and spleen
• What are enzymes primarily made of?

  Large proteins made of amino acids
• How do enzymes catalyze reactions?

  By providing an active site for substrates
• What is a substrate in the context of enzyme action?

  A reactant that enzymes act upon
• What happens if a substrate does not fit the active site of an enzyme?

  The reaction will not be catalyzed
• What are the levels of organization in a multicellular organism?

  • Organelles
  • Cells
  • Tissues
  • Organs
  • Organ systems
  • Organism
• What are the two main models of enzyme action?

  Lock and key model, induced fit model
• What does the lock and key model suggest about enzyme action?

  Substrates fit perfectly into the active site
• What are the functions of different types of tissues?

  • Epithelial tissue: Covers surfaces
  • Muscle tissue: Contracts and relaxes
  • Glandular tissue: Makes and secretes chemicals
• How does the induced fit model differ from the lock and key model?

  The enzyme changes shape to fit the substrate
• How can you visualize the induced fit model?

  Like a hand fitting into a rubber glove
• What are the functions of the digestive system?

  • Digests food
  • Absorbs nutrients
  • Involves organs like stomach, pancreas, liver
• What are the key characteristics of enzymes?

  • Biological catalysts made by living organisms
  • Speed up chemical reactions
  • Specific to substrates
  • Reusable without being consumed
  • Large proteins made of amino acids