Human anatomy

• Sound Waves


  Moves through the air to a person's ear, the air itself does not move. Sound is transferred through vibrating molecules.
• Transverse Waves 


  • Ripples on the surface of the water
  • Vibration in a guitar
• Longitudinal Waves


  • sound waves
  • ultra- sound waves
  • vibration of a spring
• Functions of the reproductive system

  • to produce egg and sperm cells
  • to transport and sustain the egg and sperm cells.
  • to nurture developing offspring
  • to produce hormones
• Erecticle Muscle 


  Spongy tissue that expands when filled with blood
• Scotum


  A pouch of skin containing the testicle
• Testicle


  Oval organs that produce sperm
• Epididymis


  a long, coiled tube that stores sperm
• Prostate Gland


  A partly muscular gland that controls alkaline fluid
• Uretha


  The duct that urine is carried out of the body
• Vagina


  Muscular canal from the cervix to the outside of the body
• Cervix


  Dilates and opens widely during childbirth
• Uterus 


  Fertilized egg implants and develops
• Ovaries


  - Stores the eggs

  • Females are born with 2 million immature eggs
• Fallopian Tube


  Tubes that eggs travel from the ovaries to the uterus
• Function of the skeletal system

  • support
  • posture
  • protect- the ribs protects the heart and lungs
  • Movement
  • storage of minerals
  • blood cell production
• Electromagnetic waves


  • moves the hydrogen
  • used in MRI scans
• Joints


  • where two bones meet
  • the end of the bone is covered in cartilage
  • Hinge Movement= found in elbow, knee and ankle. Only moves in 1 direction.
  • Ball and socket= found at the shoulder and hips. Moves in almost every direction.
• Types of movement


  • Flexion- Bending the bone
  • Extension- straightening the bone
  • Abduction- away from the bone
  • Adduction- towards the body
• Muscular system 


  • works with the skeleton to produce movement
  • Muscles support internal organs
  • protect bones and organs
  • heat is generated in muscles
• Isometric contraction


  the muscle will produce tension but it stays the same length
• Isotonic ecentric contraction 


  As the muscle contracts, it lengthens
• Isotonic concentric contraction 


  As the muscle contracts, it shortens. The ends of the muscles move closer.
• Alkalis

  A base that dissolves in water, all alkalis are bases, but only soluble bases are alkalis.

  • toothpaste- soduim hydroxide
  • oven cleaner- soduim hydroxide
  • Indigestion medication - magnesuim hydroxide
• Bases


  A substance that can react with an acid and nuetralises it. The base and acid can cancel out each other. A base is chemically opposite to an acid.
• Weak acids


  Vinegar- Ethanioc acid

  Fizzy Drinks- carbonic acid

  Lemons- Citric acid

  • safe to put in food but it can sting if they can get into a cut or eyes.
• Acid


  A weak substance that produces hydrogen dissolved in water
• Neutralise stomach acid 


  The stomach contains hydrochloric acid, too much of this can cause indigestion.

  • indigestion tablets contains alkali such as magnesuim hydroxide and carbonate to neutralise the extra charge
• Pressure


  • if a gas is compressed to a very high pressure it can turn into a liquid.
  • gases often compressed before being transported, to take up less space
• Structure of the atom

  Atoms contains 3 sub atomic particles called protons, electrons and neutrons.

  • protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus
  • electrons are arranged in shells around the nucleus
• The heart 


  arteries carry blood towards the heart, veins away from the heart
• what happens after digestion?

  Complete nutrients are absorbed through the walls of the small intestine and into the blood. Water is absorbed from the large intestine into the body leaving behind faeces, a semi solid mass that is stored in the rectum and eventually through the anus.
• Elimination 


  the food molecules that can't be digested or absorbed needs to be removed from the body
• Absorbtion 


  the products of digestions including vitamins and minerals being taken from the digestive system into the blood so they can be used in the body
• Digestion


  the breakdown of food from large, insoluble molecules to small soluble molecules
• Ingestion 


  the process of taking food and drink, or another substance into the body by swallowing or absorbing it
• Diffusion in cells


  Substances may move in and out of cells across the cell membrane by diffusion. Some of the substances transported in and out of cells by diffusion are oxygen and carbon dioxide in gas exchange.
• diffusion 


  spreading of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration
• what is in a cell?

  basic building blocks of all animal and plant cells

  • inside cells are various structures that are specialised to carry out a specific function.
• partially permable membrane


  a membrane that has tiny holes in it which allows small molecules to pass through it nut not large molecules