Biochem - Biochemistry

• What are the three major particles that constitute an atom?

  Protons, neutrons, and electrons
• Why is chemistry important in biological processes?

  It governs energy production, waste excretion, and enzyme activity
• What determines the chemical behavior of an element?

  The number of protons in the nucleus
• What are isotopes?

  Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
• What is the mean atomic mass of chlorine given its isotopes $^{35}\text{Cl}$ (75%) and $^{37}\text{Cl}$ (25%)?


  $35.5$
• What is the half-life of $^{14}\text{C}$ used in radiocarbon dating?


  5730 years
• What are the three broad categories of biological molecules?

  Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
• What elements are present in carbohydrates?

  Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• What is the chemical formula of a monosaccharide?

  $(CH_2O)_n$
• What is the product of a condensation reaction between glucose and fructose?

  Sucrose
• What is the common name for sucrose?

  Table sugar
• What is lactose intolerance caused by?

  Inability to break down lactose due to lack of lactase
• What is glycogen?

  A branched polysaccharide made of repeating glucose units
• What is the primary function of monosaccharides in cells?

  Cellular energy production and building nucleic acids
• What is the chemical formula of glucose?

  $C_6H_{12}O_6$
• What is the main dietary source of fructose?

  Carrots, apricots, and pineapples
• What is the role of Tc-99 in medicine?

  It is used in diagnostic imaging when tagged to pharmaceuticals
• What is the shorthand notation for carbohydrates?

  CHO
• What is the significance of the glycosidic bond in disaccharides?

  It forms when two monosaccharides combine, releasing water
• What is the chemical formula of sucrose?

  $C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}$
• What is the primary dietary source of galactose?

  Dairy products
• What is the difference between oligosaccharides and polysaccharides?

  Oligosaccharides have 3-10 monosaccharides; polysaccharides have >10
• What is the chemical formula of fructose?

  $C_6H_{12}O_6$
• What is the role of glycogen in the body?

  It serves as a storage form of glucose
• What is the chemical formula of lactose?

  $C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}$
• What is the primary dietary source of maltose?

  Wheat, corn, and barley
• What is the significance of the Bohr model of the atom?

  It describes electrons orbiting the nucleus in specific energy levels
• What is the atomic number of carbon?

  6
• What is the significance of the atomic mass number?

  It is the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
• What is the atomic mass of an element with 6 protons and 6 neutrons?

  12
• What is the primary function of proteins in biological systems?

  They perform a wide range of functions, including catalysis and structural support
• What is the role of lipids in biological systems?

  They are mostly insoluble in water and serve as energy storage and structural components
• What is the chemical formula of galactose?

  $C_6H_{12}O_6$
• What is the significance of the glycosidic bond in carbohydrates?

  It links monosaccharides to form disaccharides and polysaccharides
• What is the chemical formula of maltose?

  $C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}$
• What is the primary dietary source of glucose?

  Fresh fruits, vegetables, and dairy products
• What is the significance of the condensation reaction in carbohydrate formation?

  It joins monosaccharides by releasing water
• What is the chemical formula of sucrose?

  $C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}$
• What is the role of enzymes in biological systems?

  They catalyze chemical reactions
• What is the primary dietary source of fructose?

  Carrots, apricots, and pineapples