Developmental Psychology - First year

• What is developmental psychology?

  The study of how and why humans change over time
• What are the categories of developmental psychology?

  Social behaviour, thinking, learning, biological basis, language, personality
• Why is the concept of development dependent upon culture?

  Because cultural norms and values influence developmental processes
• What is developmental psychology?

  The study of how and why humans change over time
• Which of the following is NOT a category in developmental psychology?

  Astronomy and space exploration
• Why is the concept of development considered variable?

  It changes over time and depends on culture
• What is the Binet Simon Scale?

  A standardized intelligence test based on mental age
• What does the case of Genie illustrate in developmental psychology?

  The impact of isolation and deprivation on development
• What does the phrase "correlation does not equal causation" mean?

  A relationship between variables does not imply one causes the other
• What is the cohort effect?

  Different generations are affected by different factors
• What is a cross-sectional study?

  Studying different age groups at the same time
• What is the Flynn effect?

  The average human IQ has increased over time
• What does the microgenetic approach involve?

  Analyzing behavior across different contexts in a short time
• What is Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

  Children’s understanding progresses through a sequence of stages
• Why is cognitive development considered nonlinear?

  Children use different stages in the same day
• What is the biological end goal of maturity?

  Reproduction
• What are the two types of intelligence?

  Fluid and crystallized intelligence
• What is fluid intelligence?

  Problem-solving and abstract thinking abilities
• What is crystallized intelligence?

  Knowledge accumulated over time
• Who is considered the father of behaviorism?

  John Watson
• What did John Watson argue?

  Nurture over nature
• What is operant conditioning?

  Learning through reinforcement and punishment
• What did Skinner’s rats demonstrate?

  Learning can occur without errors
• What is information processing?

  Information goes into sensors, gets processed, and is translated into behavior
• What does cognitive development involve?

  Encoding, storing, and retrieving information
• What is Siegler’s overlapping waves model?

  Strategies used by children in problem-solving tasks
• What is maturation?

  Biologically based unfolding preprogrammed processes
• What does the overlapping waves model suggest?

  Children use a mix of strategies, some more complex than others
• What did Galton argue about genius?

  It is biologically based and runs in families
• What does the concept of tabula rasa imply?

  Children are born as blank slates and learn everything
• What is a critical period?

  A limited time span for biological preparedness with environmental support
• What is a sensitive period?

  A more flexible time span for development
• What is imprinting?

  Rapid innate learning, as seen in Lorenz’s goslings
• What are teratogens?

  Environmental agents that cause damage during the prenatal period
• What factors influence the effects of teratogens?

  Dosage, heredity, and other negative influences
• What is prenatal malnutrition linked to?

  Decrease in brain weight and distorted organ structure
• How does maternal stress affect the child?

  Linked to anxiety, lower birth rate, and respiratory issues
• What is the impact of delayed childbearing?

  Increased risk of miscarriage or chromosomal defects
• What is the role of family in child development?

  Acts as a network of bidirectional influences
• What are the four parenting styles?

  Authoritative, authoritarian, uninvolved, and permissive