Paper 2

• What do scalar quantities have?

  Magnitude only
• What do vector quantities have?

  Magnitude and direction
• How can a vector quantity be represented?

  By an arrow
• What does the length of an arrow in a vector represent?

  The magnitude of the vector
• What does the direction of an arrow in a vector represent?

  The direction of the vector quantity
• What is a force?

  A push or pull on an object
• What are the two types of forces?

  Contact and non-contact forces
• What type of quantity is force?

  Vector quantity
• What is weight?

  The force acting on an object due to gravity
• What causes the force of gravity close to the Earth?

  The gravitational field around the Earth
• What does the weight of an object depend on?

  The gravitational field strength at that point
• What can a force or system of forces cause?

  An object to rotate
• What is the turning effect of a force called?

  The moment of the force
• How is the size of the moment defined?

  Moment = force × distance
• What is the unit of moment of a force?

  Newton-metres (Nm)
• What happens if an object is balanced?

  Total clockwise moment equals total anticlockwise moment
• What can a simple lever and gear system do?

  Transmit the rotational effects of forces
• What is a fluid?

  A liquid or a gas
• What does pressure in fluids cause?

  A force normal to any surface
• How can pressure at the surface of a fluid be calculated?

  Using the equation: pressure = force / area
• What is the equation for force in relation to spring constant and extension?

  Force = spring constant × extension
• What is the unit of force?

  Newtons (N)
• What happens when a force stretches or compresses a spring?

  Elastic potential energy is stored in the spring
• What is the relationship between work done on a spring and elastic potential energy?

  They are equal if not inelastically deformed
• What is the difference between linear and non-linear relationships in force and extension?

  Linear is directly proportional, non-linear is not
• How can the spring constant be calculated?

  In linear cases
• What is the equation for elastic potential energy?

  Elastic potential energy = 0.5 × spring constant × extension²
• What is the unit of elastic potential energy?

  Joules (J)
• What happens when work is done against friction?

  It causes a rise in temperature
• What is work done on an object?

  When a force causes displacement
• How is work done calculated?

  Work done = force × distance
• What is the unit of work done?

  Joules (J)
• What is the relationship between distance and speed?

  Distance = speed × time
• What is the typical speed of walking?

  Approximately 1.5 m/s
• What is the typical speed of running?

  Approximately 3 m/s
• What is the typical speed of cycling?

  Approximately 6 m/s
• What is the typical speed of sound in air?

  Approximately 330 m/s
• What is velocity?

  Speed in a given direction
• How does motion in a circle relate to speed and velocity?

  Constant speed but changing velocity
• How can speed be determined from a distance-time graph?

  By calculating the gradient of the graph