Everything

• What type of elements participate in ionic bonding?

  Metal and non-metal
• What happens to electrons during ionic bonding?

  Electrons are transferred from metal to non-metal
• What are charged particles created during ionic bonding called?

  ions
• What type of forces attract oppositely charged ions in ionic bonding?

  Electrostatic forces
• What is an example of an ionic compound?

  Sodium chloride
• What ions are formed from sodium and chlorine in sodium chloride?

  Na​+​ and Cl​-​ ions
• What is the purpose of transferring electrons in ionic bonding?

  To achieve full outer shells
• What is the formula for sulfate ion?

  SO​4​2-
• What is the formula for hydroxide ion?

  OH​-
• What is the formula for nitrate ion?

  NO​3​-
• What is the formula for carbonate ion?

  CO​3​2-
• What is the formula for ammonium ion?

  NH​4​+
• What type of elements form covalent bonds?

  Two non-metals
• How are electrons involved in covalent bonding?

  Electrons are shared between two outer shells

  
• What can multiple electron pairs produce in covalent bonding?

  Multiple covalent bonds
• How can shared electron pairs be represented?

  Using dot and cross diagrams
• What is a dative bond?

  When both electrons in a shared pair come from one atom
• What is an example of dative bonding?

  Ammonia forming ammonium ion
• How is a dative bond indicated?

  Using an arrow from the lone electron pair
• How does a dative bond behave after formation?

  It acts as a standard covalent bond
• What is metallic bonding characterized by?

  A lattice of positively charged ions
• What surrounds the positively charged ions in metallic bonding?

  A ‘sea’ of delocalised electrons

  
• What does the strength of metallic bonding depend on?

  The charge on the positive ion
• How does the size of ions affect metallic bonding?

  Larger ions produce weaker attraction
• What are physical properties of substances?

  Boiling point, melting point, solubility, conductivity
• What influences the physical properties of a substance?

  The type of bonding and crystal structure
• What are the four main types of crystal structure?

  • Ionic
  • Metallic
  • Simple molecular
  • Macromolecular
• What is a characteristic of ionic substances regarding melting and boiling points?

  They have high melting and boiling points
• Why can ionic substances conduct electricity when molten or in solution?

  Because ions are free to move
• What happens to ionic substances when layers are distorted?

  They break apart into fragments
• What is a characteristic of metallic substances regarding conductivity?

  They are good conductors
• Why are metals malleable?

  Layers of positive ions can slide over each other
• What is the only liquid metal at room temperature?

  Mercury
• What type of forces hold simple molecular substances together?

  Weak van der Waals forces
• Why do simple molecular substances have low melting and boiling points?

  Weak forces require little energy to overcome
• What is an example of a simple molecular substance with high boiling point?

  Water
• What is a characteristic of macromolecular substances regarding melting points?

  They have very high melting points
• What structure do macromolecular substances form?

  A giant lattice structure
• What makes diamond one of the hardest materials?

  Multiple strong covalent bonds
• How does graphite differ from diamond in structure?

  Graphite has flat sheets of carbon atoms