TRANSITION METALS & NANOPARTICLES

• Where are Transition Metals found on the Periodic Table?

  In the middle
• How do the melting points of Transition Metals compare to those of Group 1 metals?

  Higher (Transition Metals)
• How do the densities of Transition Metals compare to those of Group 1 metals?

  Higher (Transition Metals)
• How do the strengths of Transition Metals compare to those of Group 1 metals?

  Higher (Transition Metals)
• How does the hardness of a Transition Metal compare to that of a Group 1 metal?

  Higher (Transition Metals)
• How does the reactivity of Transition Metals with oxygen, halogens, and water compare to that of Group 1 metals?

  Lower (Transition Metals)
• What are Transition Metals used for?

  Catalysts
• What is a distinctive property of Transition Metal compounds?

  Form ions with different charges and coloured compounds
• What is the difference between the charges of Transition Metal ions and Group 1 ions?

  Transition metals can form different charges/Group 1 metals can only form 1+ ions
• How big are nanoparticles?

  1-100 nm
• How are nanomaterials different from bulk materials?

  Nanomaterials have a much higher surface area-to-volume ratio
• What is the relationship between side length and surface area-to-volume ratio?

  As side length decreases by a factor of ten, the surface area-to-volume ratio increases by a factor of ten
• What are nanoparticles used for?

  Used in healthcare, electronics, cosmetics, and catalysts
• How big are fine particles?

  100-2500 nm
• How big are coarse particles?

  $2.5 \times 10^{-10}$ to $1 \times 10^{-6}$ m
• Why are Transition Metals useful as catalysts?

  They increase the rate of a reaction without being used up
• Why do Transition Metal compounds often have colours?

  Due to the formation of ions with different charges
• Why do nanoparticles have different properties compared to bulk materials?

  Due to their high surface area-to-volume ratio
• If a cube has a side length of 1 cm, what is its surface area-to-volume ratio?

  6:1
• If a cube has a side length of 10 cm, what is its surface area-to-volume ratio?

  600:1000
• How does the surface area-to-volume ratio change as the side length of a cube decreases?

  It increases by a factor of ten
• What are the potential hazards of nanoparticles?

  They can be hazardous to health and ecosystems
• What are the key terms related to Transition Metals and nanoparticles?

  • Bulk
  • Catalyst
  • Change
  • Density
  • Nanoparticles
  • Particulate matter
  • Properties
  • Surface area-to-volume ratio
  • Transition Metal
• What are the steps to calculate the surface area-to-volume ratio of a cube?

  1. Work out the surface area of one face of the object
  2. Multiply by the number of faces to get total surface area
  3. Calculate volume
  4. Write as a ratio
  5. Divide total surface area by volume
• What are the uses of nanoparticles?

  • Healthcare
  • Electronics
  • Cosmetics
  • Catalysts
• What are the differences between Transition Metals and Group 1 metals?

  • Melting point: Higher in Transition Metals
  • Density: Higher in Transition Metals
  • Strength: Higher in Transition Metals
  • Hardness: Higher in Transition Metals
  • Reactivity: Lower in Transition Metals
  • Ion formation: Transition Metals can form different charges, Group 1 metals only form 1+ ions
• What are the potential hazards and benefits of nanoparticles?

  Benefits:

  • Used in healthcare, electronics, cosmetics, and catalysts

  
  

  Hazards:

  • Potential to be hazardous to health and ecosystems
• What colour is chromium(III) oxide?

  Green
• What colour is cobalt(II) sulfate?

  Red
• What is the size of a grain of sand?

  0.1 mm
• What is the size of coarse particles (e.g., dust)?

  10 μm
• What is the size of fine particles?

  100 nm
• What ions can copper form?

  Cu+ or Cu2+
• What ions can manganese form?

  Mn2+, Mn3+, Mn4+, Mn6+, or Mn7+