IDA

• Define universality 


  The assumption that psychological theories and findings can be applied to all people regardless of gender
• Define androcentrism

  The dominance of male perspectives in research, resulting in marginalisation of female experiences
• Define alpha bias

  Exaggerating differences between genders
• Define beta bias

  Minimising differences between genders
• Define culture bias 


  The tendency to favour one culture over another in psychological research, theory or practice
• Define ethnocentrism

  Judging other cultures based on the norms and values of one’s own culture. Often seeing your own as superior
• Define cultural relativism 


  Understanding that behaviour and values are relative to cultural context, rejecting universal judgment.
• dealing with ethics (British Psycholgical Society)

  • Deception
  • Right to withdraw
  • Informed consent
  • Protection from harm
  • Privacy
• Sieber and Stanley - social sensitivity

  • What is the research question
  • What is the methodology
  • What is the context
  • What is the use
• gender bias - worrell

  • Suggested a number of research criteria that are particularly important to ensure research investigations are not gender bias.
  • Make sure both men and women are represented in the sample.
  • Only generalise to one gender if the study was only that gender
• Define free will


  individuals can make choices themselves
• define determinism


  behaviour is controlled by internal or external forces
• hard determinism

  free will is an illusion
• biological determinism


  behaviour is governed by biological factors
• psychic determinism

  behaviour influenced by unconscious drives
• soft determinism

  behaviour is determined but individual has some control
• negative of hard determinism

  • ignored role of free will
  • humanist psychologists argue behaviour can’t be solely explained by deterministic factors
  • need to consider both genetic and environmental
• advantage of determinism

  • scientific
  • led to development of treatments and drugs
  • improves life quality of people
• advantage of free will

  • accounts for individual differences
  • maslow hierarchy of needs emphasises individuals can make choices based on personal goals
  • people have the agency to make decisions which shape their actions
• disadvantage of free will

  • suggests free will is an illusion
  • libet - people consciously regulate their decisions
  • behaviours may be controlled by unconscious processes