C2 - bonding, structure and properties of matter

• What are ions made from?

  Electrons being transferred
• Which groups of elements are most likely to form ions?

  Groups 1 & 2 and 6 & 7
• Why do elements want to gain or lose electrons?

  To achieve a full outer shell
• Why do single ions often have noble gas electronic structures?

  They achieve a stable electron configuration
• What is the charge of the ion formed by bromine (Br)?

  -1
• What is the charge of the ion formed by calcium (Ca)?

  +2
• What is the charge of the ion formed by potassium (K)?

  +1
• What is ionic bonding?

  Transfer of electrons between atoms
• What do dot and cross diagrams show?

  How ionic compounds are formed
• What is the formula for sodium oxide?


  Na₂O
• What is the formula for magnesium chloride?

  MgCl₂
• What is a giant ionic lattice?

  A regular structure of ionic compounds
• What do covalent bonds involve?

  Sharing of electrons
• What are simple molecular substances?

  Substances made of covalent bonds
• What are polymers?

  Long chains of repeating units
• What are giant covalent structures?

  Macromolecules with strong bonds
• What is diamond's structure?

  A giant covalent structure
• Why is diamond hard?

  Strong covalent bonds require much energy to break
• How does graphite's structure differ from diamond's?

  Graphite has layers of carbon atoms
• What allows graphite to conduct electricity?

  Free electrons can move between layers
• What is graphene?

  A single layer of graphite
• What are fullerenes?

  Molecules of carbon arranged in hexagons
• What is Buckminsterfullerene's molecular formula?

  C₆₀
• How can fullerenes be used in medicine?

  To deliver drugs by trapping molecules
• What is the significance of fullerenes' surface area?

  They can be used as industrial catalysts
• What are nanotubes?

  Tiny carbon cylinders
• What is nanotechnology?

  Technology using very small particles
• What is a property of metals?

  Good conductors of electricity and heat
• What does metallic bonding involve?

  Delocalised electrons
• Why are most metals solid at room temperature?

  Strong metallic bonds hold them together
• Why are alloys harder than pure metals?

  Different sized atoms disrupt the lattice
• What property of copper makes it suitable for electrical circuits?

  Good electrical conductivity
• Why is an alloy of copper used for door hinges?

  Alloys are harder and more durable
• What are the three states of matter?

  Solid, liquid, and gas
• What do state symbols indicate in equations?

  The state of a substance
• What happens when substances change state?

  They transition between solid, liquid, and gas
• What are the properties of allotropes of carbon?

  • Diamond: Very hard, high melting point
  • Graphite: Soft, slippery, conducts electricity
  • Graphene: Strong, light, conducts electricity
  • Fullerenes: Molecules of carbon, can trap other molecules
• What are the uses of fullerenes?

  1. Drug delivery systems
  2. Industrial catalysts
  3. Lubricants
• What type of bonding occurs between metal atoms?

  Metallic bonding
• What is formed by metallic bonding?

  A lattice of ions with delocalized electrons