Motivation

• What role does dopamine play in motivation and reinforcement learning?

  Dopamine is crucial for incentive motivation and reinforcement
• What evidence is discussed regarding addictive drugs?

  Addictive drugs act on brain motivation systems
• What are the key components of the lecture outline on motivation and reward?

  • Motivation, reinforcement, and reward constructs
  • Brain stimulation reward and mesolimbic dopamine system
  • Dopamine neurons and reward prediction error
  • Addictive drugs and dopamine systems
• What are automatic responses to stimuli called?

  Reflexes
• How does motivation influence behavior?

  It determines responses to stimuli based on needs
• What are the two types of motivation mentioned?

  Internal motivation and external motivation
• What is the term for the internal drive that can trigger behaviors?

  Internal drive
• What is the positive-incentive value?

  The anticipated reward of a behavior
• How are levels of motivation related to stimuli?

  They relate to intrinsic properties and deprivation state
• What is the definition of motivation according to Salamone (1992)?

  Processes regulating stimuli probability and availability
• What are the two phases of motivated behavior?

  • Appetitive: behavior that brings stimuli closer
  • Consummatory: terminal stage reflecting interaction with goal stimulus
• What is instrumental learning?

  A mechanism for learning new behavior sequences
• What is a reward?

  A stimulus with positive value eliciting behavior
• What is a reinforcer?

  A stimulus increasing the probability of behavior
• What is positive reinforcement?

  Increased behavior probability from positive consequences
• What is negative reinforcement?

  Increased behavior probability from removing negative consequences
• Who proposed the law of effect principle?

  Edward Thorndike
• What does the law of effect state?

  Satisfying responses are more likely to recur
• What are the types of reinforcement and their effects?

  • Positive Reinforcement: Increases behavior with positive consequences
  • Negative Reinforcement: Increases behavior by removing negative consequences
  • Punishment: Decreases behavior with negative consequences
  • Extinction: Decreases behavior by removing positive consequences
• What is the nigrostriatal system responsible for?

  Control of movement
• What does the mesolimbic system control?

  Reward, reinforcement, and motivational salience
• What is neuromodulation?

  Regulation of neuron populations by chemicals
• What is the role of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB)?

  Projects dopaminergic neurons to the nucleus accumbens
• What happens in an open field test regarding BSR?

  Rats learn to seek electrical stimulation over food
• Who conducted the study on Brain Stimulation Reward (BSR) in 1954?

  Olds and Milner
• What is the significance of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens?

  It is crucial for reward and motivation
• What does blocking dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens do?

  Reduces reinforcing effects of BSR
• What does Wise's dopamine theory of reward propose?

  All rewards are mediated by the mesolimbic system
• What happens when dopamine systems are blocked in animals?

  Rewards become ineffective
• What is the effect of dopamine depletion from the nucleus accumbens?

  Impairment of activating behaviors associated with reward
• How does dopamine loss affect incentive motivation?

  Reduces behaviors motivated by external stimuli
• What do dopamine neurons signal according to Schultz's research?

  Reward and stimuli predicting reward
• How do dopamine neurons respond to unexpected rewards?

  They fire in response to unexpected rewards
• What is the Rescorla-Wagner model related to?

  Learning is greatest when events are unexpected
• What activates dopamine neurons in response to rewards?

  Unexpected rewards and reward predictors
• What is the summary of dopamine's role in reinforcement?

  • Activates and strengthens learning circuits
  • Signals reward prediction error
  • Involved in stimulus-response learning
• What do aminergic neurons signal when learning occurs?

  Something to be learned
• What happens if a reinforcer is already expected?

  There is nothing that needs to be learned
• When do dopamine neurons fire in reinforcement learning?

  In response to signals predicting rewards
• What do dopamine neurons do when food is first presented?

  They fire in response to the food