Gender

• What is the difference between sex and gender?

  Sex is biological; gender is a social construct.
• How do sex and gender influence individual behavior?

  Gender influences behavior, dress, and self-introduction.
• Can individuals choose their sex or gender?

  Individuals cannot choose their sex, but can choose their gender.
• What is gender-identity disorder?

  It occurs when sex does not match gender identity.
• What does gender transitioning involve?

  Changing reproductive organs and hormone levels.
• What are sex-role stereotypes?

  Expectations of appropriate behavior for each sex.
• How do sex-role stereotypes justify discriminatory practices?

  They lead to denying women stressful job opportunities.
• What does androgyny refer to?

  Balance of masculine and feminine characteristics.
• How can androgyny be viewed?

  From personality and appearance perspectives.
• What is the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI)?

  A tool to measure androgyny through self-report.
• What is a major issue with the BSRI?

  It relies on subjective self-report measures.
• What evidence supports the BSRI's reliability and validity?

  It agreed with students' self-perceptions in a study.
• What alternative to the BSRI is suggested by researchers?

  The Personal Attribute Questionnaire (PAQ).
• What are chromosomes?

  Small sections of DNA containing genes.
• Why are hormones important for fetal development?

  They determine whether a fetus develops male or female.
• What is the genotype for females?

  XX
• What is the genotype for males?

  XY
• What role does the Y chromosome play in fetal development?

  It signals development as a male via the SRY gene.
• What is the effect of high testosterone levels?

  Increased aggression, a typical male trait.
• How does testosterone influence evolutionary behavior?

  It helps males protect females and their genes.
• What happens to male animals after castration?

  They become calmer and less aggressive.
• What is the female sex hormone?

  Oestrogen
• What does oestrogen trigger in females?

  Development of female reproductive organs and PMS.
• What is oxytocin known as?

  The 'love hormone' that promotes intimacy.
• How does oxytocin relate to gender stereotypes?

  Women are seen as more caring due to higher levels.
• What evolutionary advantage does oxytocin provide?

  It helps mothers bond with their babies post-birth.
• What did Dabbs et al. (1995) find about testosterone levels?

  High testosterone linked to aggressive crimes.
• What is biological determinism in gender studies?

  Explaining gender solely through biology and genetics.
• How does social learning theory relate to gender?

  Society encourages role models for gender characteristics.
• What is the criticism of using biology to explain gender differences?

  It may justify discriminatory practices based on gender.
• What is Klinefelter’s Syndrome characterized by?

  Genotype XXY affecting biological males.

  
• What are the physical characteristics of Klinefelter’s Syndrome?

  Soft face, gynecomastia, and clumsiness.
• What is Turner’s Syndrome characterized by?

  Genotype X0 affecting biological females.
• What are the physical characteristics of Turner’s Syndrome?

  Broad shoulders, lack of menstrual cycles, infertility.
• What are the psychological effects of Klinefelter’s Syndrome?

  Generally negative, with poor visuo-spatial skills.
• What are the psychological effects of Turner’s Syndrome?

  Advanced reading skills but poor social communication.
• What are the key differences between Klinefelter’s and Turner’s Syndromes?

  Who they affect, symptoms, and chromosome numbers.
• How do social influences affect individuals with Klinefelter’s and Turner’s Syndromes?

  They can determine the development of symptoms.
• What is the nature versus nurture debate in relation to these syndromes?

  Focus on determining atypical based on typical standards.
• How can treatments for Klinefelter’s and Turner’s Syndromes improve quality of life?

  By alleviating symptoms and improving social communication.