Internal factors

• What is institutional racism?

  Discrimination built into institutions and the unconscious bias woven into society
• How does critical race theory view racism in society?

  As an ingrained feature of society
• What do critical race theorists believe about education systems?

  They see them as racist in many ways
• How does marketisation influence school admissions according to Gilborn?

  It allows negative stereotypes to influence decisions
• What did Moore and Davenport find about the school selection process?

  It leads to ethnic segregation
• How did primary school reports affect non-English speaking families?

  They made the application process difficult
• What does the term 'ethnocentric' refer to?

  Priority to one ethnic group's culture
• What does the ethnocentric curriculum include?

  Language, literature, music, and history
• Which languages are mostly taught in schools?

  European languages
• How does history education present Britain's past?

  As a mythical age of empire
• What does Gilborn argue about assessment in schools?

  It is rigged in favor of dominant culture
• What happens if black children succeed as a group according to Gilborn?

  The rules will be changed to ensure failure
• What is the Gifted and Talented Programme?

  A program identifying high-potential students
• How are white students treated in the Gifted and Talented Programme?

  They are over twice as likely to be identified
• What is the issue with exam tiers for black students?

  They are more likely to be entered for lower tiers
• What does Gilborn argue about teachers' assumptions regarding ability?

  They make false assumptions about pupils' potential
• How do teachers view potential according to Gilborn?

  As a fixed quality that can be measured
• What method do schools increasingly use to allocate pupils?

  IQ tests
• What is a criticism of Gilborn's perspective on minority groups?

  It overlooks the overachievement of some minorities
• Which minority groups are noted for overachievement compared to the white majority?

  Indian and Chinese students
• Gewirtz 


  he believes that complex school application forms are a type of cultural exclusion in some schools
• What are the main internal factors that affect ethnic differences in achievement?

  labelling, pupil subcultures and ethnocentricity and institutionalised racism
• What do interactionalists tend to focus on?

  small-scale, face-to-face interactions, such as those between pupils and teachers
• What are common labels that teachers give to different ethnic minority students?

  black pupils are often seen as disruptive and Asian students can be seen as passive
• What are the impacts of these negative racist labels?

  they may lead to teachers treating ethnic minority students differently, disadvantaging them and bringing about a self-fulfilling prophecy which causes their underachievement
• Gillborn and Mirza (2000)

  they found that in one area, black children were the highest achievers when entering primary school (20 points ahead), but by the time it came to GCSEs they were 21 points below average- this suggests schooling is to blame
• Gillborn and Youdell

  they found that teachers had 'raised expectations' of black students, often expecting them to misbehave and saw their behaviour as threatening. they concluded that that conflict between white teachers and black pupils stems from racist stereotypes
• What were black student's opinions on their white teachers?

  they felt that they were picked on and their ability was underestimated
• How do teacher's racist stereotypes cause underachievement?

  it causes high levels of exclusion of black boys and black pupils being placed in lower sets and streams
• Wright (1992)


  found that Asian primary school pupils were stereotyped by their teachers and treated differently
• How do teachers purposely discriminate against Asian students?

  they would use simplistic language when speaking to them, mispronounce children's names and saw them as a problem that they could ignore
• How did this discrimination affect Asian students?

  Asian pupils, especially the girls, were marginalised and isolated, affecting their self-esteem
• Connolly (1998)


  found that primary school teacher saw Asian students as passive and conformist. both teachers saw Asian boys as more feminine and vulnerable
• Sewell (1998)


  he found that black boys adopted a range of responses to teachers' racist labelling of them as rebellious and anti-school: conformists, innovators, retreatists and rebels
• What are the 4 groups that black boys adopted due to teachers' racist labelling?

  conformists, innovators, retreatists and rebels
• Who were the conformists?

  they were the largest group, they were keen to succeed, accepted the school's goals and had friends from different ethnic groups
• Who were the innovators?

  they were the second largest group, they were pro-education but anti-school, therefore they valued education but not teacher approval
• Who were the retreatists?

  they were a tiny minority of isolated individuals, disconnected from both the school and black subcultures outside
• Who were the rebels?

  they were a small but highly visible minority who rejected the school's goals and instead conformed to the stereotype of 'black macho lad', they dislike both white boys and black conformist boys
• Despite many black boys conforming, why were there still high rates of underachievement?

  teachers places the 'black macho lad' stereotype on most boys, even those who conformed