Pathology

    Cards (992)

    • What is the definition of pathology?
      The study of suffering and disease
    • Who is considered the father of modern pathology?
      Rudolph Virchow
    • What are the two main branches of pathology?
      General and Systemic
    • What are the four aspects of each disease in pathology?
      Etiology, Pathogenesis, Morphology, Clinical expression
    • What is the difference between acute and chronic diseases?
      Acute is short-term, chronic is long-term
    • What is the purpose of an autopsy in pathology?
      To identify the cause of death
    • What are the stages of an autopsy?
      External examination, Dissection, Pathology protocol
    • What are the two types of biopsies in pathology?
      Histological and Cytological
    • What is the significance of cellular swelling in pathology?
      It is the first manifestation of cell injury
    • What are the two types of cell death?
      Necrosis and Apoptosis
    • What is the mechanism of cell injury in ischemia and hypoxia?
      Decreased intracellular ATP production
    • What is fatty change (steatosis) in pathology?
      Abnormal accumulation of triglycerides in cells
    • What is the significance of foam cells in atherosclerosis?
      They are macrophages filled with lipid vacuoles
    • What is the primary cause of endothelial cell injury in atherosclerosis?
      Hypertension and smoking
    • What are lysosomal storage diseases?
      Diseases caused by inherited lack of lysosomal enzymes
    • What is the primary feature of glycogenosis?
      Abnormal accumulation of glycogen in cells
    • What are the main pathways of intracellular accumulations?
      • Normal substance produced at normal or increased rate but inadequate removal
      • Normal or abnormal substance accumulates due to genetic or acquired defects
      • Abnormal exogenous substance deposited and accumulates due to lack of degradation or transport mechanisms
    • What are the outcomes of disease in pathology?
      • Restitutio ad integrum (recovery)
      • Substitutio (not full recovery - chronic disease)
      • Death (clinical and biological)
    • What are the mechanisms of cell injury?
      • Depletion of ATP
      • Damage to mitochondria
      • Influx of calcium
      • Accumulation of oxygen-derived free radicals
      • Defects in membrane permeability
      • Damage to DNA and proteins
    • What are the complications of atherosclerosis?
      • Vessel weakness (e.g., abdominal aortic aneurysm)
      • Vessel thrombosis
      • Hypertension
      • Peripheral vascular disease
      • Cerebral atrophy
    • What are the features of lysosomal storage diseases?
      • Inherited lack of lysosomal enzymes
      • Accumulation of partially degraded insoluble metabolites
      • Categories include lipidosis, glycogenosis, and mucopolysaccharidoses
    • What are the types of fatty change in the liver?
      • Microvesicular steatosis
      • Macrovesicular steatosis
      • Mixed steatosis
    • What are the patterns of lipid degeneration in the myocardium?
      • Focal intracellular fat deposits (tigered effect)
      • Diffuse pattern of fatty change
    • What are the causes of fatty change (steatosis)?
      • Toxins
      • Protein malnutrition
      • Diabetes mellitus
      • Obesity
      • Anoxia
    • What are the types of cell death?
      • Necrosis
      • Apoptosis
    • What are the features of reversible cell injury?
      • Cellular swelling
      • Abnormal intracellular accumulations
    • What are the features of irreversible cell injury?
      • Necrosis
      • Apoptosis
    • What are the features of necrosis?
      • Pyknosis (nuclear shrinkage)
      • Karyorrhexis (nuclear membrane rupture)
      • Karyolysis (complete dissolution of nucleus)
    • What are the features of apoptosis?
      • Programmed cell death
      • No inflammation
      • Cell shrinkage and fragmentation
    • What are the features of lipid phagocytosis?
      • Macrophages filled with lipid vacuoles
      • Foam cells in atherosclerosis
      • Xantomas and xantelasmas
    • What are the features of abnormal protein accumulation?
      • Arteriosclerosis
      • Lysosomal storage diseases
    • What are the features of abnormal glycogen accumulation?
      • Water-clear vacuoles
      • PAS positive staining
    • What are the features of lysosomal storage diseases?
      • Inherited lack of lysosomal enzymes
      • Accumulation of partially degraded insoluble metabolites
      • Categories include lipidosis, glycogenosis, and mucopolysaccharidoses
    • What are the features of atherosclerosis?
      • Endothelial cell damage
      • Macrophage and platelet adhesion
      • Smooth muscle cell hyperplasia and migration
      • Cholesterol accumulation in foam cells
      • Fibrous cap formation
    • What are the features of hypertension in relation to atherosclerosis?
      • Renal artery atherosclerosis
      • Activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
    • What are the features of peripheral vascular disease?
      • Increased risk of gangrene
      • Pain in buttocks and when walking (claudication)
    • What are the features of cerebral atrophy in relation to atherosclerosis?
      • Circle of Willis vessels or internal carotid artery affected
    • What are the features of lysosomal storage diseases?
      • Inherited lack of lysosomal enzymes
      • Accumulation of partially degraded insoluble metabolites
      • Categories include lipidosis, glycogenosis, and mucopolysaccharidoses
    • What are the features of glycogenosis?
      • Abnormal accumulation of glycogen in cells
      • Water-clear vacuoles
      • PAS positive staining
    • What are the features of abnormal protein accumulation?
      • Arteriosclerosis
      • Lysosomal storage diseases