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Pathology
Pathology
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Cards (992)
What is the definition of pathology?
The study of
suffering
and disease
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Who is considered the father of modern pathology?
Rudolph Virchow
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What are the two main branches of pathology?
General
and
Systemic
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What are the four aspects of each disease in pathology?
Etiology
,
Pathogenesis
,
Morphology
,
Clinical expression
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What is the difference between acute and chronic diseases?
Acute is
short-term
, chronic is
long-term
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What is the purpose of an autopsy in pathology?
To identify the
cause of death
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What are the stages of an autopsy?
External examination
,
Dissection
,
Pathology protocol
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What are the two types of biopsies in pathology?
Histological
and
Cytological
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What is the significance of cellular swelling in pathology?
It is the first manifestation of
cell injury
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What are the two types of cell death?
Necrosis
and
Apoptosis
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What is the mechanism of cell injury in ischemia and hypoxia?
Decreased
intracellular
ATP
production
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What is fatty change (steatosis) in pathology?
Abnormal accumulation of
triglycerides
in cells
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What is the significance of foam cells in atherosclerosis?
They are
macrophages
filled with
lipid vacuoles
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What is the primary cause of endothelial cell injury in atherosclerosis?
Hypertension
and
smoking
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What are lysosomal storage diseases?
Diseases caused by inherited lack of
lysosomal enzymes
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What is the primary feature of glycogenosis?
Abnormal
accumulation
of
glycogen
in
cells
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What are the main pathways of intracellular accumulations?
Normal
substance
produced at normal or increased rate but inadequate removal
Normal or abnormal substance accumulates due to
genetic
or
acquired
defects
Abnormal
exogenous
substance deposited and accumulates due to lack of degradation or transport mechanisms
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What are the outcomes of disease in pathology?
Restitutio ad integrum
(recovery)
Substitutio
(not full recovery - chronic disease)
Death
(clinical and biological)
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What are the mechanisms of cell injury?
Depletion of
ATP
Damage to
mitochondria
Influx of calcium
Accumulation of
oxygen-derived free radicals
Defects in
membrane permeability
Damage to
DNA
and
proteins
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What are the complications of atherosclerosis?
Vessel weakness (e.g.,
abdominal aortic aneurysm
)
Vessel
thrombosis
Hypertension
Peripheral vascular disease
Cerebral atrophy
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What are the features of lysosomal storage diseases?
Inherited lack of
lysosomal enzymes
Accumulation of partially degraded insoluble
metabolites
Categories include
lipidosis
,
glycogenosis
, and
mucopolysaccharidoses
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What are the types of fatty change in the liver?
Microvesicular
steatosis
Macrovesicular
steatosis
Mixed
steatosis
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What are the patterns of lipid degeneration in the myocardium?
Focal intracellular fat deposits
(
tigered effect
)
Diffuse pattern
of fatty change
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What are the causes of fatty change (steatosis)?
Toxins
Protein malnutrition
Diabetes mellitus
Obesity
Anoxia
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What are the types of cell death?
Necrosis
Apoptosis
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What are the features of reversible cell injury?
Cellular swelling
Abnormal intracellular accumulations
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What are the features of irreversible cell injury?
Necrosis
Apoptosis
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What are the features of necrosis?
Pyknosis
(nuclear shrinkage)
Karyorrhexis
(nuclear membrane rupture)
Karyolysis
(complete dissolution of nucleus)
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What are the features of apoptosis?
Programmed cell death
No
inflammation
Cell shrinkage and fragmentation
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What are the features of lipid phagocytosis?
Macrophages
filled with
lipid vacuoles
Foam cells
in
atherosclerosis
Xantomas
and
xantelasmas
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What are the features of abnormal protein accumulation?
Arteriosclerosis
Lysosomal storage diseases
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What are the features of abnormal glycogen accumulation?
Water-clear vacuoles
PAS positive staining
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What are the features of lysosomal storage diseases?
Inherited lack of lysosomal enzymes
Accumulation of partially degraded insoluble
metabolites
Categories include
lipidosis
,
glycogenosis
, and
mucopolysaccharidoses
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What are the features of atherosclerosis?
Endothelial cell
damage
Macrophage
and platelet adhesion
Smooth muscle cell
hyperplasia and migration
Cholesterol accumulation in
foam cells
Fibrous cap formation
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What are the features of hypertension in relation to atherosclerosis?
Renal artery
atherosclerosis
Activation of
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
system
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What are the features of peripheral vascular disease?
Increased risk of
gangrene
Pain in buttocks and when walking (
claudication
)
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What are the features of cerebral atrophy in relation to atherosclerosis?
Circle of Willis
vessels or
internal carotid artery
affected
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What are the features of lysosomal storage diseases?
Inherited lack of
lysosomal enzymes
Accumulation of partially degraded insoluble
metabolites
Categories include
lipidosis
,
glycogenosis
, and
mucopolysaccharidoses
View source
What are the features of glycogenosis?
Abnormal accumulation of glycogen in cells
Water-clear vacuoles
PAS
positive staining
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What are the features of abnormal protein accumulation?
Arteriosclerosis
Lysosomal storage diseases
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