unit 5 Bio

    Cards (202)

    • What is essential for life according to the study material?
      Continuous transfers of energy
    • What is absorbed by chlorophyll during photosynthesis?
      Light
    • What is linked to the production of ATP in respiration?
      Hydrolysis of respiratory substrates
    • How is ATP produced in both respiration and photosynthesis?
      Protons diffuse through ATP synthase
    • What do photosynthesis and respiration provide evidence for?
      Evolution
    • What organisms consume biological molecules produced by photosynthesis?
      Animals, bacteria, and fungi
    • Are photosynthesis and respiration 100% efficient?
      No, they are not 100% efficient
    • What topics will Unit 5 cover?
      • Photosynthesis
      • Respiration
      • Energy and ecosystems
      • Nutrient cycles
    • What is the equation for photosynthesis?
      Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen
    • What surrounds each chloroplast?
      A double-membrane envelope
    • What is the outer membrane of chloroplasts permeable to?
      A range of ions and small molecules
    • What is contained in the stroma of chloroplasts?
      CO2, sugars, enzymes, and other molecules
    • What are thylakoids in chloroplasts?
      Flattened fluid-filled sacs
    • What do thylakoid membranes contain?
      Pigments, enzymes, and electron carriers
    • What are grana in chloroplasts?
      Stacks of thylakoids
    • What connects the grana in chloroplasts?
      Membranous channels called stroma lamellae
    • Why is the membrane system of chloroplasts important?
      It provides a large surface area for light absorption
    • What are light-harvesting clusters in chloroplasts called?
      Photosystems
    • What is the purpose of chromatography in plant studies?
      • Investigate pigments from leaves
      • Compare shade-tolerant and intolerant plants
      • Analyze leaves of different colors
    • How are pigment molecules arranged in a photosystem?
      In funnel-like structures
    • What does the stroma contain?
      70S ribosomes, DNA, and starch grains
    • What does the loop of DNA in the stroma code for?
      Some chloroplast proteins
    • What is the role of ATP in photosynthesis?
      It transfers electrons to CO2 to synthesize glucose
    • What is ATP?
      Adenosine triphosphate
    • How is ATP synthesized?
      By a condensation reaction between ADP and Pi
    • What catalyzes the synthesis of ATP?
      ATP synthase
    • What is phosphorylation?
      Adding phosphate to a molecule
    • What are redox reactions?
      Reactions involving oxidation and reduction
    • What happens during photolysis of water?
      Water is broken into O, H+, and e-
    • What is photophosphorylation?
      Production of ATP in the presence of light
    • What is NADP+?
      A coenzyme that accepts electrons
    • What is the role of NADP reductase?
      Catalyzes transfer of electrons to NADP+
    • What is the difference between cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation?
      Cyclic returns electrons to chlorophyll, non-cyclic does not
    • What initiates photoionization?
      Absorption of light energy by PS
    • What happens during the Calvin cycle's first phase?
      CO2 reacts with RuBP to form GP
    • What is required to reduce GP to TP?
      ATP and reduced NADP
    • How many TP molecules are needed to synthesize a hexose sugar?
      Two TP molecules
    • What is the starting point for making all organic substances in plants?
      The Calvin cycle
    • What are some organic substances made from TP and GP?
      Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
    • What is the role of Rubisco in photosynthesis?
      Catalyzes the reaction between CO2 and RuBP