treatments

• What did Gottesman find about genetic similarity and schizophrenia risk?

  Strong relationship between genetic similarity and risk
• What did Ripke et al find in their genome-wide studies?

  108 genetic variations linked to schizophrenia risk
• What is meant by 'hyperdopaminergia' in the subcortex?

  High levels of dopamine in central brain areas
• What does 'hypodopaminergia' refer to in the cortex?

  Low levels of dopamine in the brain's cortex
• What are neural correlates?

  Patterns linked to experiences in the brain
• What is the link between the ventral striatum and negative symptoms?

  Ventral striatum linked to motivation and symptoms
• How are the superior temporal gyrus and anterior cingulate gyrus linked to positive symptoms?

  Lower activation in these areas linked to hallucinations
• What is the mixed evidence for the dopamine hypothesis?

  Drugs increasing dopamine worsen symptoms
• How does the correlation-causation problem relate to schizophrenia studies?

  Unclear if brain activity causes symptoms
• What are biological treatments for schizophrenia?

  Antipsychotic drugs designed to reduce symptoms
• What is the purpose of antipsychotic drugs?

  To reduce symptoms of schizophrenia
• What is the difference between typical and atypical antipsychotics?

  Typical reduce positive symptoms; atypical reduce more
• How do typical antipsychotics work?

  They block dopamine receptors to reduce symptoms
• How do atypical antipsychotics differ in their action?

  Target multiple neurotransmitters, not just dopamine
• What is an example of a typical antipsychotic?

  Chlorpromazine
• What is an example of an atypical antipsychotic?

  Clozapine
• What are the side effects of typical antipsychotics?

  Extrapyramidal side effects like tardive dyskinesia
• Why were second-generation antipsychotics developed?

  To minimize side effects of first-generation drugs
• How do atypical antipsychotics work to minimize side effects?

  Rapid dissociation prevents impact on movement
• What is the average dosage for Chlorpromazine?

  400 to 800 mg
• What is the effect of Chlorpromazine on symptoms?

  Eliminates positive symptoms but increases negatives
• What are the benefits of drug therapy for schizophrenia?

  Calms symptoms and allows outpatient living
• What are the limitations of drug therapy?

  Side effects and relapse when discontinued
• What ethical issues arise from antipsychotic medication use?

  Side effects may lead to inhumane treatment
• What did Thornley et al find about Chlorpromazine?

  Better functioning and reduced symptom severity
• What did Meltzer find about Clozapine?

  Clozapine is more effective than typical antipsychotics
• What are the objectives of studying biological treatments for schizophrenia?

  • Outline what antipsychotic drugs do
  • Differentiate between typical and atypical antipsychotics
  • Use biological terminology for each type
  • Evaluate the effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs
• What are the effects of typical and atypical antipsychotics on symptoms?

  Typical Antipsychotics:

  • Reduce positive symptoms
  • May increase negative symptoms

  
  

  Atypical Antipsychotics:

  • Reduce positive symptoms
  • Improve mood and reduce negative symptoms
• What are the key advantages and limitations of drug therapy for schizophrenia?

  Advantages:

  • Calms symptoms
  • Allows outpatient living
  • Reduces positive symptoms

  
  

  Limitations:

  • Side effects
  • Risk of relapse
  • Dependency issues
• What are the ethical considerations regarding antipsychotic medication?

  • Potential for inhumane treatment
  • Side effects and psychosocial consequences
  • Human Rights Act implications
• What is the significance of the correlation-causation problem in schizophrenia research?

  • Uncertainty if brain activity causes symptoms
  • Difficulty in establishing direct relationships