Chem- amino acid,protein

• What is an amino acid composed of?

  Amine group and carboxylic acid group
• Why are amino acids called '2-amino acids'?

  The amine group is on the second carbon
• What are amino acids also known as?

  𝛼-amino acids
• What characteristic does the second carbon in amino acids often have?

  It is often chiral
• What do optical isomers refer to in amino acids?

  Amino acids exist as enantiomers
• What is the common form of amino acids in nature?

  Nearly all exist as a single negative enantiomer
• How do amino acids behave in acidic conditions?

  They produce a positive (acidic) end
• What happens to amino acids in basic conditions?

  They produce a negative (basic) end
• What is a zwitterion?

  Amino acid with zero overall pH

  
• What is the isoelectric point?

  The pH at which a zwitterion forms
• What technique can identify unknown amino acids?

  Thin-layer chromatography
• What are proteins made of?

  Sequences of amino acids
• What links amino acids together in proteins?

  Peptide links
• What process can reverse the formation of proteins?

  Hydrolysis with HCl
• What holds protein structures together?

  Hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, sulfur-sulfur bonds
• What are the different structures of proteins?

  • Primary Structure: Single polypeptide chain
  • Secondary Structure: 𝛼-helix or β-pleated sheet
  • Tertiary Structure: 3D coil with bonding

  
• What is a disulfide bridge?

  A sulfur-sulfur bond in proteins

  
• What is the role of enzymes?

  Act as biological catalysts
• What structure do enzymes have?

  A tertiary structure

  
• What is a substrate in enzymatic reactions?

  The molecule that enzymes break down
• What does stereospecific mean in enzymes?

  They break down a single enantiomer
• What is DNA short for?

  Deoxyribonucleic acid
• What is DNA formed from?

  A sugar, a phosphate, and a base

  
• What is a nucleotide?

  It consists of a sugar, phosphate, and base

  
• What sugar is present in DNA nucleotides?

  2-deoxyribose

  
• What forms the sugar-phosphate backbone in DNA?

  Sugar-phosphate bonds between nucleotides

  
• What are the four possible bases in DNA?

  • Adenine
  • Cytosine
  • Thymine
  • Guanine

  
• How do bases pair in DNA?

  They bond via hydrogen bonding

  
• What is the structure of DNA?

  A double helix structure

  
• What are complementary bases in DNA?

  Specific pairs that bond together
• How many hydrogen bonds do Guanine and Cytosine form?

  Three hydrogen bonds

  
• How many hydrogen bonds do Thymine and Adenine form?

  Two hydrogen bonds

  
• What is Cisplatin used for?

  As an anticancer drug
• What is the structure of Cisplatin?

  Cis isomer of a square planar complex

  
• Why is only the Z-isomer of Cisplatin effective?

  Cells in nature are chiral
• How does Cisplatin bond to DNA?

  It bonds to two adjacent Guanine bases

  
• How does Cisplatin prevent cancer replication?

  By bonding to mutated DNA strands
• What is ligand replacement in the context of Cisplatin?

  It replaces guanine in DNA
• What are the side effects of Cisplatin?

  Hair loss and other serious effects
• How is Cisplatin administered to reduce side effects?

  In small amounts