Socialisation

• Waddington 


  'Canteen culture' refers to the way police offers behave. This can be in a way that involves homophobia, misogony and racism. This idea is perpetuated by police officers such as Wayne Couzens.
• Bowles and Gintis 


  The hidden curriculum is the unwritten rules and values that are taught to students by the school. For example, punctuality, respect for authority and teamwork. They also argue that meritocracy is a myth.
• Young


  'Bulimic society' refers to the idea that the media and advertising have created an unrealistic ideal of beauty. Where people are constantly craving to own designer goods. - 'Get rich or die trying'
• Mulvey


  The 'male gaze' refers to how men portray and control women in media. E.g. women are portrayed as sexual objects
• Lees


  'Slags' vs 'Drags'. Looked at the double standard that girls face regarding sexual behaviour
• Madood


  67% of Pakistanis and Bangladeshis saw religion as 'very important', compared to 5% of white British youths. So individuals brought up in a Muslim, Hindu or Sikh family. For example, may feel that religion is a very important influence on their norms and values.
• Oakley


  • Manipulation- encouraging behaviour that is seen as stereotypically acceptable, discouraging behaviour that is not.
  • Canalisation- parents channelling gender into toys, games and activities that are considered the norm
  • Verbal appellation- giving children nicknames that reinforce gender expectations.
  • Different activities- encouragement to participate in activities that reinforce stereoypes
• Skelton and Francis


  Boys dominate the playground. They are more active where girls are passive and so they frequent the whole playground whilst girls stick to the outskirts