schiz p2

• How is schizophrenia defined?

  As a psychotic disorder with impaired thinking
• What sensory issues do schizophrenic patients typically face?

  They cannot filter sensory stimuli effectively
• What are the two categories of symptoms in schizophrenia?

  Positive and negative symptoms
• What do positive symptoms in schizophrenia include?

  Hallucinations and delusions
• What do negative symptoms in schizophrenia represent?

  A loss of typical experiences
• What are hallucinations in the context of schizophrenia?

  Distorted perceptions of real stimuli
• What causes auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia?

  Excess dopamine receptors in Broca's area
• What are delusions in schizophrenia?

  Beliefs with no basis in reality
• What is speech poverty in schizophrenia?

  Low frequency and quality of speech
• What is avolition in schizophrenia?

  Reduction in interests and purposeful acts
• What are the two classification systems for mental disorders?

  DSM-V and ICD-10
• What is a key difference between DSM-V and ICD-10 in diagnosing schizophrenia?

  DSM-V requires more specific criteria
• What is the concordance rate for monozygotic twins regarding schizophrenia?

  48%
• What does the term 'schizophrenogenic mother' refer to?

  A mother who is cold and rejecting
• What does double-bind theory suggest about family communication?

  Children receive mixed messages from parents
• How does expressed emotion affect patients with schizophrenia?

  It can lead to increased stress and relapse
• What is metarepresentation in the context of schizophrenia?

  The ability to differentiate one's actions from others'
• What is central control in cognitive processes?

  The ability to suppress automatic responses
• What did Stirling et al (2006) find regarding dysfunctional thought processes?

  Schizophrenia sufferers made more mistakes in tasks
• How do biological explanations differ from psychological explanations for schizophrenia?

  Biological explanations consider genetic factors
• What is the implication of the dopamine hypothesis for drug treatments?

  It supports the use of antipsychotics
• What is a limitation of using neural correlates in schizophrenia research?

  It does not establish cause and effect
• What is the role of the ventral striatum in schizophrenia?

  It evaluates reward values and predictability
• What did Allen et al (2007) conclude about auditory verbal hallucinations?

  They are linked to functional abnormalities in the brain
• What did Brown et al (2002) find regarding paternal age and schizophrenia risk?

  Risk increases if father is over 50
• What is a criticism of the dopamine hypothesis?

  It emphasizes dopamine too much
• What is a major issue with correlational research in schizophrenia?

  It cannot demonstrate cause and effect
• What are the psychological explanations for schizophrenia?

  • Abnormal family communication styles
  • Schizophrenogenic mother
  • Double-bind theory
  • High levels of expressed emotion
• What are the biological explanations for schizophrenia?

  • Genetic basis and family studies
  • Candidate genes and polygenic disorder
  • Dopamine hypothesis (hyper- and hypodopaminergia)
  • Neural correlates associated with symptoms
• What are the limitations of psychological explanations for schizophrenia?

  • Do not account for biological factors
  • Lack of support for family-based explanations
  • Based on historical observations, not objective
• What are the implications of the dopamine hypothesis for treatment?

  • Supports the use of antipsychotics
  • Suggests neurotransmitter balance is crucial
  • Highlights the need for further research
• What are the main differences between DSM-V and ICD-10?

  • DSM-V: specific criteria for diagnosis
  • ICD-10: broader approach to diagnosis
  • Different organizations produce them
• What are the types of symptoms in schizophrenia?

  • Positive symptoms: hallucinations, delusions
  • Negative symptoms: speech poverty, avolition
• What are the subtypes of schizophrenia recognized in ICD-10?

  • Positive schizophrenia
  • Mixed schizophrenia
• What is the significance of the concordance rates in schizophrenia?

  • Indicates genetic influence on disorder
  • Higher rates in monozygotic twins
• What are the implications of cultural bias in schizophrenia diagnosis?

  • Increased likelihood of false diagnoses
  • Cultural norms may influence symptom interpretation
• What are the implications of gender bias in schizophrenia diagnosis?

  • May lead to inaccurate diagnoses
  • Differences in functioning between genders
• What is a limitation of psychological explanations for schizophrenia (SZ)?

  They explain symptoms but not origins
• How do biological factors relate to psychological explanations for SZ?

  Biological factors explain distal origins of SZ
• What is a major weakness of family-based explanations for SZ?

  Lack of support for the schizophrenogenic mother