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BB ˚ ༘♡ ⋆。˚
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Lecture 03
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Cards (47)
What are the two main endogenous energy stores?
Carbohydrates
and
lipids
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What is the primary form of carbohydrate storage in the body?
Glycogen
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What is the structure of glycogen?
It is a
branched
polymer
of
glucose
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How is glycogen made easily accessible as an energy store?
Through
1,4
and
1,6
linkages
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What is the role of glycogen in the liver?
To supply
glucose
to the
brain
and
tissues
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What is the role of glycogen in muscles?
For
energy
needs during
exercise
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How long can glycogen supply energy?
Up to
24
hours
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What are the three stages of glycogen synthesis?
Activation
Polymerisation
Formation of
branched molecule
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What is the first step in glycogen activation?
Conversion to
glucose-1-phosphate
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Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion to glucose-1-phosphate?
Phosphoglucomutase
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What drives the formation of UDP-glucose?
Hydrolysis
of
PPi
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What enzyme is used to form UDP-glucose?
UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase
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What is needed for the polymerisation of glycogen?
A
primer
of
small
polysaccharide
unit
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What enzyme is responsible for glycogen polymerisation?
Glycogen synthase
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What does the branching enzyme do during glycogen synthesis?
Transfers
a block of
residues
to form a
branch
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What are the steps involved in glycogen mobilisation?
Phosphorolysis
Debranching
Further phosphorolysis
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What is the final product of glycogen mobilisation?
Glucose 6-phosphate
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How is glucose 6-phosphate used in the body?
In
glycolysis
and
pentose phosphate pathway
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What happens to glucose 6-phosphate in the liver?
It is
dephosphorylated
and
released
into blood
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Which enzyme is used in the phosphorolysis of glycogen?
Glycogen phosphorylase
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What are the two functions of the bifunctional enzyme in debranching?
Transferase
and
α-1,6-glucosidase
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What are glycogen storage diseases caused by?
Defective enzymes
13
well-documented types
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What is Type I glycogen storage disease known as?
Von Gierke’s
disease
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What defect is associated with Von Gierke’s disease?
Defect in
phosphatase
for
glucose-6-phosphate
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What is Type V glycogen storage disease known as?
McArdle disease
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What defect is associated with McArdle disease?
Defect in
muscle phosphorylase
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What are triglycerides composed of?
Three
fatty acids
and
glycerol
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What is another name for triglycerides?
Triacylglycerols
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Where are triglycerides primarily stored?
In
adipose tissue
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Where are triglycerides mainly synthesised?
In the
liver
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What initiates triglyceride synthesis?
On the
endoplasmic reticulum
or
mitochondrial
membrane
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What is the starting point for triglyceride synthesis?
Glycerol-3-phosphate
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From where is glycerol-3-phosphate mainly derived?
From
dihydroxyacetone phosphate
(DHAP)
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What is the first step in the formation of phosphatidate?
Transfer of
2 fatty acids
from
fatty acyl CoA
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What enzyme is used to form phosphatidate?
Glycerol phosphate acyl transferase
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What is the product of the first step in triglyceride formation?
Diacylglycerol-3-phosphate
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What are the two reactions involved in the formation of triglyceride?
Removal of
phosphate
and addition of
third
fatty acid
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What is the intermediate in triglyceride formation?
Diacylglycerol
(DAG)
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What enzyme complexes are involved in triglyceride formation?
Specific
phosphatase
and
diglyceride acyltransferase
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What are the steps involved in fat mobilisation for energy?
Mobilisation by degradation to fatty acids and glycerol
Fatty acids activated and transported into mitochondria
Undergo
β-oxidation
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