CARDIO COND

• What is the definition of hypertension?

  Persistent BP ≥140/90 mmHg
• What percentage of adults does hypertension affect?

  30–45% of adults
• In which populations is hypertension more common?

  Older adults and African-Caribbean populations
• What are the types of hypertension aetiology?

  Primary (essential) and Secondary
• What are some secondary causes of hypertension?

  Renal, endocrine, drug-induced
• What are the risk factors for hypertension?

  Obesity, smoking, high salt intake, alcohol, stress
• What are common signs and symptoms of hypertension?

  Often asymptomatic; severe cases: headaches, visual changes, chest pain
• What investigations are used for hypertension?

  BP readings, U&Es, lipid profile, urinalysis, ECG
• What is the management for hypertension?

  ACE inhibitors and calcium channel blockers
• What is the definition of ischaemic heart disease?

  Reduced myocardial blood flow due to coronary artery disease
• What is the leading global cause of death?

  Ischaemic heart disease
• What are the aetiologies of ischaemic heart disease?

  Atherosclerosis and coronary spasm
• What are the risk factors for ischaemic heart disease?

  Smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia
• What are common signs and symptoms of ischaemic heart disease?

  Angina, SOB, diaphoresis, STEMI
• What investigations are used for ischaemic heart disease?

  ECG, troponins, angiography
• What is the management for ischaemic heart disease?

  MONA, PCI, aspirin, atorvastatin
• What is the definition of heart failure?

  Inability of the heart to pump enough blood
• What is the global incidence of heart failure?

  Affects 1–2% globally
• What are the aetiologies of heart failure?

  Ischaemic heart disease, hypertension, valvular disease
• What are the risk factors for heart failure?

  Hypertension, diabetes, obesity, smoking
• What are common signs and symptoms of heart failure?

  Dyspnea, fatigue, edema, raised JVP, S3 gallop
• What investigations are used for heart failure?

  BNP, echocardiogram, ECG, CXR
• What is the management for heart failure?

  ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, diuretics
• What is the definition of aortic stenosis?

  Narrowing of the aortic valve
• In which patients is aortic stenosis common?

  Common in elderly patients
• What are the aetiologies of aortic stenosis?

  Degenerative calcification, congenital bicuspid valve
• What are the risk factors for aortic stenosis?

  Age, bicuspid aortic valve, rheumatic fever
• What are common signs and symptoms of aortic stenosis?

  Syncope, angina, dyspnea, ejection systolic murmur
• What investigations are used for aortic stenosis?

  Echocardiogram, ECG, chest X-ray
• What is the management for aortic stenosis?

  Valve replacement and symptom control
• What is aortic regurgitation?

  Backflow of blood into the left ventricle
• Why does aortic regurgitation occur?

  Due to an incompetent aortic valve
• In which population is aortic regurgitation common?

  Older adults and those with connective tissue disorders
• What are some causes of aortic regurgitation?

  Endocarditis, bicuspid aortic valve, aortic root dilation
• What are the risk factors for aortic regurgitation?

  Rheumatic fever, connective tissue disorders, aortic dissection
• What are the signs and symptoms of aortic regurgitation?

  Dyspnea, fatigue, early diastolic murmur
• What investigations are used for aortic regurgitation?

  Echocardiogram, ECG, chest X-ray
• What does an echocardiogram show in aortic regurgitation?

  Aortic root dilation
• What is the management for aortic regurgitation?

  Valve replacement and vasodilators
• What type of vasodilators are used in aortic regurgitation management?

  ACE inhibitors