Demography

• What is demography?

  Statistical study of human populations
• What do demographics describe?

  Statistics of populations and their characteristics
• What are the two main ways populations can increase?

  Births and immigration
• What are the two main ways populations can decrease?

  Deaths and emigration
• What is the birth rate?

  Number of live births per 1,000 per year
• What is the total fertility rate?

  Number of children a woman has in her fertile years
• How has the position of women changed in the last 30 years?

  Women gained rights and opportunities in society
• What are the three main factors for the decline in birth rates?

  1. Changing position of women
  2. Access to contraception
  3. Changing societal attitudes
• How does the changing position of women affect birth rates?

  Women prioritize careers over having children
• What is the infant mortality rate (IMR)?

  Number of children dying before their first birthday
• Why has the IMR decreased since 1900?

  Improved living standards and healthcare
• How did the role of children change from the 18th century to today?

  From economic assets to economic liabilities
• What societal changes caused children to become economic liabilities?

  Changes in attitudes and laws on schooling
• What are the key terms related to migration?

  • Migration: Moving from one place to another
  • Immigration: Moving into a country
  • Emigration: Moving out of a country
  • Net migration: Difference between emigrants and immigrants
• What are push factors in migration?

  Reasons that drive people to leave a place
• What are pull factors in migration?

  Reasons that attract people to a new place
• What is a refugee?

  A migrant fleeing human rights violations
• What is globalisation in the context of migration?

  Increased interconnectedness due to travel and technology
• What is super-diversity?

  Diversity from a range of countries and cultures
• What is multiculturalism?

  Acceptance of distinct cultural groups in society
• What is assimilationism?

  Encouragement for immigrants to adopt host culture
• How did France's laws reflect assimilationism?

  They banned religious symbols in public schools
• What are the impacts of demographic changes on society?

  • Changes in dependency ratio
  • Creation of an ageing population
  • Impact on public services
• What does the dependency ratio measure?

  Proportion of dependent vs. working-age people
• What issues arise from an ageing population?

  Increased healthcare costs and pension demands
• How do changes in women's rights impact demographic trends?

  They influence birth rates and family structures
• What are the key laws that improved women's positions in society?

  • Equal Pay Act
  • Divorce Reform Act
  • Sex Discrimination Act
  • Abortion Act
  • Family Planning Act
• How does the changing position of women affect family types?

  Leads to more diverse family structures
• What is the impact of women's increased participation in the workforce?

  Lower total fertility rates
• How do voting rights influence women's reproductive choices?

  They enable women to influence relevant laws
• What is the relationship between feminism and birth rates?

  Feminism promotes women's rights, affecting birth rates
• How does access to contraception affect birth rates?

  It allows women to control their reproductive choices
• What is the significance of the Family Planning Act?

  It made contraception accessible through the NHS
• How do societal attitudes towards women influence demographic trends?

  They shape women's choices regarding family and work
• What is the impact of changing family types on birth rates?

  They can lead to lower birth rates
• How do changing laws affect family structures?

  They can promote diverse family arrangements
• What is the relationship between women's rights and demographic changes?

  Women's rights influence birth and fertility rates
• How does the decline in birth rates affect society?

  It impacts the dependency ratio and public services
• What are the implications of net migration?

  It affects population size and diversity
• How does migration influence cultural diversity?

  It introduces new cultures and perspectives