Language and Gender

    Cards (33)

    • What is the deficit model in language studies?

      It views women's language as inferior.
    • What does the deficit approach suggest about non-standard language speakers?
      They are weaker in language skills.
    • What does the deficit approach argue about men's and women's language?
      Men's language is the standard and superior.
    • Who wrote about women's language in 1922?
      Otto Jespersen
    • How did Otto Jespersen describe women's language?
      As 'lively chatter' due to their roles (cooking, looking after children etc.)
    • What year did Robin Lakoff publish her views on language and gender?
      1975
    • What did Robin Lakoff believe about language and gender equality?

      Language contributes to gender inequality.
    • According to Lakoff, how is women's language characterized?

      Weaker and less certain.
    • What does the dominance model focus on?

      Power dynamics in communication.
    • What did Zimmerman and West find about men's listening habits?

      Men listen differently and interrupt more.
    • What year did Zimmerman and West conduct their study?
      1976
    • What was a criticism of Zimmerman and West's study?

      Small sample size and limited diversity.
    • What did Beattie's findings suggest about interruptions?

      Interruptions may indicate interest.
    • What did Fishman believe about women's conversational roles?
      Women work harder but men control conversations.
    • What is Dale Spender's argument about language?

      Language is androcentric and reflects male dominance.
    • What does the difference theory focus on?

      Socialized differences in speech styles.
    • How do women typically communicate according to the difference theory?

      Indirectly and collaboratively.
    • What is the significance of context in communication?
      It influences how people communicate.
    • What does Deborah Cameron mean by 'verbal hygiene'?

      The attempt to ’clean up’ language to fit ‘norms and values’
    • What is Judith Butler's view on gender?

      Gender is performative and intertwined with sex.
    • What does Judith Butler say about repeated actions?

      They reinforce gender identities and norms.
    • What does Judith Baxter argue about women in the workplace?

      They face barriers due to sexist discourses.
    • What did O'barr and Atkins find in their study?

      Language differences relate to power, not gender.
    • How do gender norms affect men's emotional expression?
      They lead to emotional suppression.
    • What impact do gender norms have on women's self-esteem?
      They can lead to feelings of inadequacy.
    • How do traditional gender roles influence communication patterns?
      Women use collaborative language; men use assertive language.
    • What did studies of children's books reveal about gender roles?

      Female characters are often passive and dependent.
    • What is the goal of education and awareness campaigns regarding gender norms?
      To challenge and change societal attitudes.
    • How do power dynamics affect communication?

      They dictate interactions based on gender stereotypes.
    • What forms can dominance take in communication?

      Interruptions and dismissive behavior.
    • Why is it important to discuss gender in power dynamics?
      To acknowledge excluded gender experiences.
    • How can language shape gendered identities?

      It expresses and reinforces power dynamics.
    • How can media language amplify power imbalances?

      By reflecting societal biases in portrayal.
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