Amines

• Amine is derived from ammonia molecules and all contain a nitrogen atom, hydrogen replaced with organic group.
• Quaternary ion - 4 organic groups
• Non aromatic amines are known as aliphatic amines.
• Quaternary ammonium salts are used to make cleaning products. Quaternary ammonium salts with tails are called cationic surfactants.
• Non polar tails attracted to oil and greese. Polar head attracted to water. Allows water and oil to mix.
• Cationic surfactants a have positive ammonium ion that are attracted to negative fibres in the hair, removes static and used in conditioner.
• Benzene is an electron withdrawing group.
• Alkyl groups are electron pushing groups
• Reducing Nitriles

  
• LiAlH4, reducing Nitriles

  
• Making Aromatic Amines

  
• Positive Inductive effect = R groups push electrons
• Availability of LP, L.P gain H+, More R greater electron releasing group, electron density increases.
• Hydrogenation = adding on hydrogen
• volatile substance = use reflux, means tendency to vaporise, if done in beaker product and reactant will be lost
• Chain reaction keeps reaction so we cannot obtain 100% yield.