Psych

• What is the ego according to the psychodynamic approach?

  It resolves conflict between id and superego
• At what age does the ego develop?

  Three years
• What principle does the ego operate on?

  Reality principle
• When does the superego develop?

  End of phallic stage
• What principle does the superego operate on?

  Morality principle
• What is the method of introspection according to Wundt?

  Learning about one's own mental states
• How does Wundt's introspection method work?

  It involves careful controlled observation
• Who were the participants in Wundt's introspection method?

  Trained introspections
• What does Wundt's introspection focus on?

  Immediate experiences
• What neurotransmitter is associated with the brain's reward system?

  Dopamine
• How does dopamine influence behavior?

  It reinforces behaviors leading to pleasure
• Why might Karishma not display congruence according to humanistic psychology?

  Low self-esteem affects her self-image
• What is congruence in humanistic psychology?

  Alignment of self-image with ideal self
• How might a humanistic psychologist help Karishma achieve congruence?

  By providing unconditional positive regard
• What does challenging negative beliefs involve?

  Helping her realize self-doubt isn't grounded
• How do behaviorists explain learning through operant conditioning?

  Learning occurs through consequences of behavior
• Who is associated with operant conditioning?

  B.F. Skinner
• What are the two types of reinforcement in operant conditioning?

  Positive and negative reinforcement
• What does punishment do in operant conditioning?

  Decreases likelihood of a behavior occurring
• Who is associated with social learning theory?

  Albert Bandura
• What does social learning theory emphasize?

  Learning through observation and imitation
• What factors does social learning theory consider?

  Attention, retention, and motivation
• How does operant conditioning differ from social learning theory?

  Operant conditioning focuses on trial and error
• Is a diary considered primary or secondary data?


  Primary data
• Why is the diary considered primary data?

  It is collected firsthand for research
• How could content analysis be used to analyze parent diaries?

  Transform qualitative data into structured findings
• What is a coding system in content analysis?

  Identifying key categories or themes
• What does content analysis allow researchers to do?

  Identify trends and draw conclusions
• What is inter-rater reliability?

  Consistency between different researchers' coding
• How could the researcher assess reliability in content analysis?

  By comparing results from independent researchers
• How might interviews improve upon diary data?

  They provide richer, more accurate information
• What qualitative question could be asked in an interview?

  Describe your child's favorite play activities
• What is a limitation of qualitative data?

  Time-consuming to analyze
• How could informed consent be obtained from parents?

  Explain study purpose and confidentiality
• What type of experiment is used in this study?

  Natural experiment
• Why is it called a natural experiment?

  Not manipulated by researchers
• What is a pilot study used for?

  To test observation procedures and methods
• What should be checked in a pilot study?

  Ethical considerations and reliability
• How might a stratified sample be obtained?

  Divide children by nursery and select proportionally
• What type of distribution is positively skewed?

  2 - positively skewed