Loftus and palmer

• What year was the Loftus and Palmer study conducted?

  1974
• What is the main focus of the Loftus and Palmer study?

  Accuracy of human memory in eyewitness testimony
• What do researchers theorize about eyewitness testimonies?

  They can be influenced by various variables
• Why is the accuracy of eyewitness testimony significant for the justice system?

  It can affect court cases and verdicts
• What type of questions did Loftus and Palmer investigate?

  Leading questions
• How are leading questions defined?

  Questions that suggest a desired answer
• What was the aim of the first experiment?

  To test language effects on speed estimates
• How many undergraduate students participated in the first experiment?

  45 students
• What was the sample size for the second experiment?

  150 students
• What methodology was used in both experiments?

  Laboratory experiments with independent measures
• What was the dependent variable in the first experiment?

  Estimates of speed during the collision
• What were the five verbs used in the first experiment?

  Hit, smashed, collided, bumped, contacted
• What were the steps in the first experiment's procedure?

  • Participants watched seven film clips
  • Completed a questionnaire with a critical question
  • The verb "hit" was varied among conditions
• What was the average speed estimate for the smashed condition?

  40.5 miles per hour
• What was the average speed estimate for the contacted condition?

  31.8 miles per hour
• What was the critical question in the second experiment?

  Did you see any broken glass?
• How many participants reported seeing broken glass in the smashed condition?

  16 participants
• What did the results of the first experiment suggest?

  Response bias or memory change due to wording
• What conclusion was drawn from the second experiment?

  Memory can be altered by leading questions
• What are the two types of information that create memories?

  • Information from the event itself
  • Information after the event
• How do leading questions affect eyewitness testimony?

  They can distort original memories and create false ones
• What are the strengths of the Loftus and Palmer study?

  • Controlled laboratory environment
  • Standardized procedures for replication
• What are the weaknesses of the Loftus and Palmer study?

  • Lacks ecological validity
  • Sample not representative of general population
  • Only quantitative data collected
• What is a potential confounding variable in the study?

  Participants' past experiences with car accidents
• Why is it important for the justice system to recognize the findings of this study?

  To reduce inaccuracies in eyewitness testimonies
• What is the implication of the study for police questioning techniques?

  They should avoid leading questions