Kohlberg

• Who proposed the stages of moral development?

  Lawrence Kohlberg
• What was Kohlberg's main interest in the 1960s?

  How children develop a sense of morality
• How many distinct levels did Kohlberg propose for moral development?

  Three distinct levels
• What are the names of Kohlberg's three levels of moral development?

  Pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional
• How many stages are there within each level of moral development?

  Two stages
• What did Kohlberg's theory propose about progression through stages?

  Progression occurs in a fixed order
• What was the aim of Kohlberg's study?

  To investigate the validity of his theory
• What type of study did Kohlberg conduct?

  Longitudinal study
• How many American boys participated in Kohlberg's main group?

  75 American boys
• What age range did the boys in the study start at?

  10 to 16 years old
• How long did the study last?

  12 years
• What method did Kohlberg use to collect data?

  Qualitative data from moral dilemmas
• What technique did Kohlberg use to present moral dilemmas?

  Storytelling technique
• How many moral dilemmas were presented to each participant?

  Ten separate moral dilemmas
• What did Kohlberg analyze from participants' responses?

  How their moral reasoning changed
• What moral aspects did Kohlberg measure in participants?

  Value of human life, empathy, community welfare
• What is the first level of moral development called?

  Pre-conventional
• Until what age does the pre-conventional level usually last?

  Until the age of nine
• What is the focus of moral decisions in the pre-conventional level?

  Rules and standards of adults
• What is stage one of the pre-conventional level focused on?

  Avoiding punishment
• What realization occurs at stage two of the pre-conventional level?

  Multiple correct viewpoints exist
• What is the second level of moral development called?

  Conventional
• What is the focus of moral reasoning in the conventional level?

  Acceptance of social rules
• What is stage three of the conventional level focused on?

  Good interpersonal relationships
• What is stage four of the conventional level focused on?

  Maintaining social order
• What is the third level of moral development called?

  Post-conventional
• What characterizes the post-conventional level of moral development?

  Understanding universal ethical principles
• What percentage of people typically reach the post-conventional level?

  10 to 15 percent
• What is stage five of the post-conventional level focused on?

  Social contract between society and individuals
• What is stage six of the post-conventional level focused on?

  Developing personal moral principles
• What did Kohlberg find about participants' moral reasoning as they aged?

  They progressed through moral stages
• What did Kohlberg's cross-cultural analysis reveal about stage five thinking?

  More prevalent in the U.S. than in Mexico
• What did Kohlberg note about moral thought in remote villages?

  Moral thought increased steadily with age
• How did participants from middle-class backgrounds compare to working-class participants?

  More advanced in moral judgment
• What did Kohlberg conclude about the developmental sequence of moral development?

  It progresses in the same order universally
• What was a major criticism of Kohlberg's study regarding the dilemmas?

  They lack ecological validity
• What was a limitation of the sample used in Kohlberg's study?

  Only male participants were included
• What type of data did Kohlberg primarily collect?

  Qualitative data
• What was a strength of Kohlberg's research design?

  It was longitudinal, measuring change over time
• What did Kohlberg's clear outline of stages allow for?

  High level of replicability