Foot and Ankle

• 2 joints in the Rear foot:

  • Talocrural Joint
  • Talocalcaneal Joint
• Talocrural Joint:

  • Hinge Joint
  • Between malleolus of tibia and malleolus of fibula with talus
  • Actions: plantarflexion and dorsiflexion
• Talocalcaneal Joint:

  • Gliding Joint
  • Between talus and calcaneus
  • Actions: inversion and eversion
• Pronation

  • Ankle dorsiflexion
  • Subtalar eversion
  • Forefoot abduction
  • Early in stance phase of locomotion
• Supination

  • Ankle plantarflexion
  • Subtalar inversion
  • Forefoot adduction
  • Late in stance phase of locomotion
• Ankle and rear foot are more stable in eversion than inversion
• Anterior Talofibular Ligament (ATFL)

  
• Posterior Talofibular Ligament (PTFL)

  
• Calcaneofibular Ligament (CFL)

  
• Anterior Tibiotalar Ligament

  
• Posterior Tibiotalar Ligament

  
• Tibiocalcaneal Ligament

  
• Tibionavicular Ligament

  
• Calcaneocuboid Joint

  • Gliding joint
  • Between calcaneus and cuboid
  • Action: slight abduction and adduction of forefoot
• Talonavicular Joint

  • Shallow Ball and Socket joint
  • Between talus and navicular
  • Slight forefoot abduction and adduction
• 5 tarsals:

  • Calcaneus
  • Talus
  • Navicular
  • Cuboid
  • Cuneiforms x3
• 5 Tarsals

  A) Calcaneus

  B) Talus

  C) Navicular

  D) Cuboid

  E) Cuneiforms

  
• 26 bones in the foot

  A) Phalanges

  B) Proximal Phalanges

  C) Middle Phalanges

  D) Distal Phalanges

  E) Metatarsals

  F) Cuneiforms

  G) Navicular

  H) Talus

  I) Calcaneus

  J) Cuboid

  
• Tarsometatarsal and Intermetatarsal Joints

  • Gliding joints
  • Between tarsals and metatarsals, and between metatarsals
• Metatarsophalangeal Joints (MTPs)

  • Condyloid joints
  • Between metatarsals and toe phalanges
  • Actions: flexion and extension, limited abduction and adduction
• Interphalangeal Joints (IPs)

  • Hinge joints
  • Between phalanges
  • Actions: flexion and extension
• The big toe is also known as hallux
• Intrinsic muscles of the foot have origin and insertion within the foot
• Extrinsic muscles of the foot cross the ankle and have origin and muscle belly outside of the foot
• Achilles Tendon

  • longest tendon in body
  • stores and returns elastic energy
  • reduces metabolic cost of locomotion

  
• Tibialis Anterior

  
• Extensor Digitorum Longus

  
• Extensor Hallucis Longus

  
• 2 muscles in Triceps Surae:

  • Gastrocnemius
  • Soleus
• Gastrocnemius

  
• Soleus

  
• Tibialis Posterior

  
• Flexor Digitorum Longus

  
• Flexor Hallucis Longus

  
• Peroneus Longus

  
• Peroneus Brevis

  
• Peroneus Tertius

  
• Plantar arches:

  • provide flexibility
  • shock absorb
• 3 plantar arches:

  A) Anterior Transverse Arch

  B) Lateral Longitudinal Arch

  C) Medial Longitudinal Arch