b3

• What is the topic of the AQA GCSE science video?

  Infection and response
• What are pathogens?

  Microorganisms that cause infectious disease
• What types of organisms can be pathogens?

  Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists
• How do bacterial pathogens reproduce?

  They reproduce quickly in the body
• What do bacteria produce that can damage tissue?

  Toxins
• How do viral pathogens operate?

  They infect and reproduce inside body cells
• What is the first line of defense in the human body?

  Hair and mucus in the nose
• What role does hydrochloric acid in the stomach play?

  It kills microbes present in food
• What is the function of the skin in the human defense system?

  Physical barrier against microbes
• How do cilia in the lungs help defend against pathogens?

  They trap and move microbes out of the body
• What is phagocytosis?

  Engulfing and digesting pathogens by white blood cells
• How do white blood cells produce antibodies?

  By attaching to antigens on pathogens
• What do antitoxins do?

  Counteract toxins produced by pathogens
• What is the purpose of vaccination?

  Stimulate antibody production against pathogens
• What type of pathogens are used in vaccines?

  Dead or weakened pathogens
• How do memory cells function after vaccination?

  They produce antibodies quickly upon reinfection
• What are the seven types of pathogens and their diseases?

  1. Bacteria: Salmonella - food poisoning
  2. Bacteria: Gonorrhea - sexually transmitted
  3. Virus: Measles - respiratory droplets
  4. Virus: HIV - body fluids
  5. Virus: Tobacco mosaic virus - plants
  6. Fungi: Rose black spot - plants
  7. Protist: Malaria - mosquitoes
• What are the symptoms of salmonella food poisoning?

  Fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting, diarrhea
• How is salmonella food poisoning prevented?

  Vaccinating poultry and hygiene practices
• What are the symptoms of gonorrhea?

  Thick discharge and pain on urinating
• How is gonorrhea treated?

  With antibiotics
• How is measles spread?

  By inhaling droplets from sneezes or coughs
• What are the symptoms of HIV?

  Flu-like illness, immune system attack
• What is the progression of HIV to AIDS?

  Destruction of white blood cells
• How is tobacco mosaic virus treated?

  By removing and destroying infected plants
• What are the symptoms of rose black spot?

  Purple or black spots on leaves
• How is malaria spread?

  By mosquitoes acting as vectors
• What is the treatment for malaria?

  Preventing mosquito breeding and using nets
• What do antibiotics do?

  They kill bacterial pathogens
• Why can't antibiotics cure viral infections?

  Viruses reproduce inside body cells
• Where do many drugs come from?

  Plants and microbes
• What do painkillers do?

  They treat symptoms of an illness
• What is penicillin derived from?

  Penicillium mold
• What is digitalis used for?

  It is a heart drug
• What are the steps in drug testing?

  Select drugs, pre-clinical trials, clinical trials
• What is a placebo?

  A treatment without the active drug
• What is peer review in drug testing?

  Examination of results by fellow scientists
• What are the uses of monoclonal antibodies?

  1. Diagnosis (e.g., pregnancy tests)
  2. Detecting pathogens in labs
  3. Research to locate molecules
  4. Treatment of diseases like cancer
• How do monoclonal antibodies work in pregnancy tests?

  They detect hormones in urine
• How do monoclonal antibodies detect pathogens?

  They attach and cause a color change