Retrieval failure

• What is the main explanation for forgetting discussed in the material?

  Retrieval failure
• What does the absence of cues imply about forgetting?

  Forgetting occurs due to insufficient cues
• What principle did Tulving propose in 1983?

  Encoding specificity principle (ESP)
• What must be present at both encoding and retrieval according to Tulving's theory?

  The same cue
• What are the two types of forgetting mentioned?

  State-dependent and context-dependent forgetting
• What does state-dependent forgetting depend on?

  The person's state, like drug use
• What does context-dependent forgetting depend on?

  The environment, like classroom vs exam hall
• What was the aim of Godden and Baddeley's (1975) study?

  Investigate the importance of setting for retrieval
• How many deep divers participated in Godden and Baddeley's study?

  18 deep divers
• What were the four group conditions in Godden and Baddeley's study?

  • Learn on land - recall on land
  • Learn underwater - recall on land
  • Learn underwater - recall underwater
  • Learn on land - recall underwater
• What did the results of Godden and Baddeley's study show about recall?

  Accurate recall was 40% lower in non-matching conditions
• What does the result of Godden and Baddeley's study support?

  Tulving's theory of retrieval failure