ao1

• What do genetic explanations for crime suggest?

  Offenders inherit genes that predispose them
• What do twin studies illustrate about genetics and crime?

  • Higher concordance rates in identical twins (MZ)
  • 35% for MZ males, 13% for DZ males
  • Suggests inherited behavior and traits
• Who studied over 3500 twin pairs in Denmark?

  Karl Christiansen
• What was the concordance rate for identical twin males found by Christiansen?

  35%
• What was the concordance rate for non-identical twin males found by Christiansen?

  13%
• What did Raymond Crowe find about adopted children with criminal biological mothers?

  50% risk of a criminal record by 18
• What was the risk of a criminal record for adopted children without criminal biological mothers?

  5%
• What did Jari Tiihonen's genetic analysis suggest about violent crime?

  • Two genes: MAOA and CDH13 linked to violence
  • MAOA regulates serotonin, linked to aggression
  • CDH13 linked to substance abuse and ADHD
  • 5-10% of severe violent crime in Finland attributed to these genes
• What does the MAOA gene regulate?

  Serotonin in the brain
• What is the diathesis-stress model in relation to offending behavior?

  Combination of genetics and environmental triggers
• What are the characteristics of antisocial personality disorder (APD)?

  • Reduced emotional responses
  • Lack of empathy for others
  • Common among convicted offenders
• Who conducted studies on the APD brain?

  Adrian Raine
• What did Raine's studies find about the prefrontal cortex in individuals with APD?

  Reduced activity in the prefrontal cortex
• What percentage reduction in grey matter volume did Raine find in the prefrontal cortex of APD individuals?

  11%
• Who found that offenders with APD can experience empathy?

  Christian Keysers
• What do mirror neurons suggest about empathy in offenders with APD?

  • Offenders can experience empathy sporadically
  • Empathy activated when asked to empathize
  • Indicates a neural 'switch' for empathy
• What happens to the empathy reaction in offenders with APD when they are prompted?

  It activates controlled by mirror neurons
• How does the empathy reaction of offenders with APD differ from non-offenders?

  Offenders have a neural switch for empathy