ao3

• What does research evidence support regarding biological factors?

  They create a vulnerability to offending behaviour
• What was the sample size in Meanick's study?

  13,000 adoptees
• What percentage of adoptees with criminal adoptive parents were also criminal?

  14.7%
• What percentage of adoptees with criminal biological parents were also criminal?

  20%
• What are the methodological problems with adoption studies?

  • Some children adopted later than others
  • Some maintain contact with biological parents
  • Biological parents may influence child's behaviour
• What does Meanick's research suggest about biological factors?

  They have a large influence on offending behaviour
• What is a criticism of twin studies in relation to offending behaviour?

  Twin studies share the same environment
• What does it mean if concordance rates in twin studies are not 100%?

  Not only biology influences behaviour
• What alternatives should be considered besides biological factors?

  • Personality
  • Childhood experiences
• What does biological reductionism imply about offending behaviour?

  It simplifies behaviour to a biological level
• What did Farrington find regarding physical neglect?

  It contributes to Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)
• What is a more appropriate theory regarding offending behaviour?

  • A holistic theory
  • Acknowledges multiple influencing factors
• What does it mean for biological explanations to be deterministic?

  They believe offending has a biological cause
• What does the deterministic view ignore regarding offending behaviour?

  It ignores free will
• What may be more appropriate than biological explanations?

  Psychodynamic explanations