C4.1

• General formula: the simplest algebraic formula of a member of homologous series. alkane = C(n)H(2n+2)
• Structural formula: the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.
• Displayed formula: the relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them.
• Homologous series: a series of organic compounds having eh same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2
• Functional group: a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reaction of a compound
• Alkyl group of formula CnH2n+1
• Aliphatic: a compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non-aromatic rings.
• Alicyclic: an aliphatic compound arranges in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains.
• Aromatic: a compound containing a benzene ring
• Saturated: single carbon-carbon bonds only
• Unsaturated: the presence of multiple carbon-carbon bonds including double or triple and aromatic rings
• Structural isomers: compounds withe the same molecular formula but different structural formula
• Homolytic fission: when each atom receives one electron from bonded pair, forming two radicals.
• Heterolytic fission: when only one atom receives both electrons from the bonded pair.
• Radical: species with unpaired electron
• Curly arrow: shows the movement of an electron pair showing either heterolytic fission or formation of covalent bond
• Alkanes: saturated hydrocarbons containing single C-C bonds and C-H bonds
• sigma bonds: head on direct overlap of orbitals between bonding atoms.
• Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons contain carbon-carbon double bond
• pi bonds: side way overlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below the bonding C atoms. This bond is weaker that sigma. This bond restricts rotation of the molecule.
• Trigonal planar arrangement around each carbon-carbon double bond in Alkenes; Tetrahedral shape around each carbon atom in Alkanes
• Stereoisomerism: compounds with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement in space
• E/Z isomerism: an example of stereoisomerism in terms of restricted rotation about double bond and two different groups attached to each carbon atom.
• cis-trans isomerism: a special case of E/Z which two substituent groups attached are the same
• Hydrogenation

  Hydrogen reactant; Nickle catalyst; 150°C
• Halogenation

  halogen reactant at room temperature
• alkene and water

  steam; 300°C; phosphoric acid catalyst; 65atm
• Electrophile: electron pair acceptor

  Neutrophile: electron pair donor
• Markownikoff's rule: the major product is the result of a more stable intermediate - reactant bonds to carbon with most hydrogen.