LIC city: Rio de Janeiro

• Describe the location of Rio de Janeiro

  -South East Brazil.

  -Around Guanabara bay

  -Coastal by Atlantic ocean
• Why is Rio regionally important? (Important to South-East Brazil)

  1. Major manufacturing centre of chemicals, pharmaceuticals and clothing

  2. Major service centre (company headquarters, finance, education,tourism, retail)
• Why is Rio Nationally important? (Important to Brazil)

  1. Brazil arts and cultural capital (including the annual carnival)

  2.Major port (exporting coffee, sugar, and iron ore)
• Why is Rio internationally important? (Important to the world)

  1. A UNESCO (United Nations) World Heritage Site (Including the Iconic Christ the Redeemer Statue)

  2. Host of the 2016 Olympics and 2014 World Cup

  3. Major international airport
• Why is Rio Growing?

  Natural increase

  Rural-urban migration
• Why is there high natural increase in RIo?

  It has a very young population

  High birth rate

  Low death rate
• Where do people migrate from?

  - Indigenous Amazonians from deforested areas

  - farmers affected by drought from NE Brazil

  - Former miners from Central Brazil
• What 4 areas create social opportunities and challenges in RIo?

  Healthcare

  Education

  Access to water

  Access to electricity
• Define sanitation

  Measures designed to protect public health, including the provision of clean water and the disposal of sewage.
• Why is healthcare important in an LIC/NEE city?

  More people can work —-> better economy
• What are the challenges of providing healthcare in Rio?

  Life expectancy difference of 35 years between the richest and poorest areas

  Lots of diseases like diarrhoea due to poor sanitation systems

  Favela residents struggle to access hospitals and clinics
• What are the opportunities for healthcare in Rio?

  Community based family health teams - improved vaccination programmes and health cover.

  Gone from 4% to 70% accessing healthcare in some favelas!
• Why is education important in an LIC/NEE city?

  Children learn to read and write so can access more skilled work
• What are the challenges of providing education in Rio?

  Only 50% of children continue education beyond 14

  Lack of teachers

  Children have to work

  Teenage pregnancy

  Crime
• What are the opportunities for education in Rio?

  NGOs run Schools of Tomorrow programme - improve schools in the favelas

  University in Rocinha favela
• Why is access to water important in LICs/NEEs

  Less disease

  More people are able to work —> better economy
• What are the challenges of providing water access in Rio?

  - 12% did not have access to clean water

  - ⅓ of water is lost due to leaks and theft.

  - Shared water access in favelas
• What are the opportunities for providing water access in Rio?

  7 new water treatment plants

  300km of new pipes.

  96% of the city now has safe water,

  It is only 88% in the favelas
• Why is access to electricity important for LICs/NEEs?


  People can work longer hours at home and earn more money

  Better quality of life
• What are the challenges of providing electricity in Rio?

  Lots of people steal from power lines and overload the system.

  Danger - it leads to fires, blackouts and electrocution.
• What are the opportunities of providing electricity in Rio?

  -99% of the cities residents have direct access to electricity.

  -Simplicito hydro electricity plant has increased supply by 30%.

  -Nuclear reactors have been built.
• What industries are there in Rio?

  Oil refining

  Manufacturing

  Port industries

  Service industries (finance)

  Steel

  Tourism

  Transport (port and airport
• How does industrial growth create economic opportunity?

  Multiplier effect

  - More jobs, greater disposable income, and the service sector grows.

  - Other industries (ie container ship yards) grow
• What is the formal sector?

  Jobs regulated by the government with employment protections and benefits
• What is the informal sector?

  Jobs not regulated by the government, with no employment protections or benefits
• What are the challenges of working in the informal sector?

  Poorly paid

  No tax paid

  No sick leave

  Can be fired at any time
• What is the crime problem in Rio?

  Huge drug gangs, leading to:

  Murder, drug trafficking, kidnap
• What are the Rio government doing about crime?

  Police Pacifying Units (PPUs)

  24 hour police unit, based in a favela. Aim to remove the drug gangs from the area.
• How do local people feel about PPUs?

  Feel scared and targeted by police
• What are the 3 types of pollution affecting Rio?

  Water

  Air

  Waste
• Why is water pollution an issue?

  1. Guanabara bay is so polluted there has been a 90% decline in fishing

  2. Could harm tourism at beaches
• What is causing water pollution?

  1. Open sewers in favelas flow into rivers

  2. 200 tonnes of raw sewage and 50 tonnes of industrial waste dumped in the bay daily

  3. Oil tankers dump water into bay
• What are they doing to reduce water pollution?

  1. Illegal to dump oil into the bay - ships are fined

  1. 12 new sewage treatment plants since 2004. 5km of new sewage pipes
• What is the problem of air pollution?

  5000 deaths a year
• What is causing air pollution?

  Heavy traffic congestion

  -Steep hills

  -Old cars release lots of pollution

  -High crime causes more people to drive

  Traffic pollution mixes with fumes from factories
• What are they doing to reduce air pollution?

  Toll roads (roads you have to pay for)

  Coastal roads are now one way (less traffic using them, reduces congestion)
• Why is waste pollution a problem?

  Builds up, causing diseases and rats
• What is causing waste pollution?

  Steep slopes and lack of roads mean rubbish trucks can't get to the favelas.
• What are they doing about waste pollution?

  Biogas power plant - 30 tonnes of rubbish a day and enough electricity for 1000 homes
• What is a squatter settlement?

  An area of poor-quality housing, at times lacking in amenities such as water supply, sewerage and electricity, which often develops spontaneously on land not owned by the occupants.