approaches

• Who opened the first experimental psychology lab?

  Wilhelm Wundt
• What year did psychology emerge as a distinct discipline?

  1879
• What approach did Sigmund Freud establish in the early 1900s?

  Psychodynamic approach
• What does the psychodynamic approach emphasize?

  Influence of the unconscious mind on behavior
• Who established the behaviouristic approach in 1913?

  John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner
• How long did psychodynamic and behaviouristic approaches dominate psychology?

  For the next 50 years
• What did Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow develop in the 1950s?

  Humanistic approach
• What is the 'third force' in psychology?

  Humanistic approach
• What does the humanistic approach emphasize?

  Importance of self-determination and free will
• What did the social learning theory (SLT) focus on in the 1960s?

  Role of cognitive factors in learning
• What was introduced during the cognitive revolution in the 1960s?

  Digital computers
• How does cognitive neuroscience relate to psychology?

  It investigates how biological states influence mental states
• Who is considered the Father of experimental psychology?

  Wilhelm Wundt
• What did Wundt separate psychology from?

  Philosophy and biology
• What method did Wundt use to study the mind?

  Experimental methods
• What is introspection?

  Systematic attempt to study the mind
• Who first demonstrated classical conditioning?

  Ivan Pavlov
• What is the first step in classical conditioning?

  Food → dog drools
• What does operant conditioning involve?

  Learning through consequences of behavior
• What is positive reinforcement?

  Provision of a reward after behavior
• What did Skinner's rat box demonstrate?

  Connection between action and reward
• What happens when reinforcement ceases?

  Learning could be extinguished
• What are the strengths and limitations of behaviourist approaches?

  Strengths:

  • Scientific credibility through lab experiments
  • Real-world applications in treating phobias

  
  

  Limitations:

  • Ignores internal mental processes
  • Developed from unethical research
• What is vicarious reinforcement?

  Indirect reinforcement through observation
• What are the four mediational processes in SLT?

  Attention, retention, motor reproduction, motivation
• What was the aim of Bandura's Bobo doll study?

  Investigate imitation of aggressive behavior
• What did children exposed to aggressive models do in Bandura's study?

  Made more aggressive responses
• How did boys' aggression differ based on the model's gender?

  Boys were more aggressive with male models
• What are the strengths and limitations of social learning theory?

  Strengths:

  • Real-world applications in media
  • Improves upon traditional behavioral approaches

  
  

  Limitations:

  • Lab experiments may not reflect real life
  • Ignores genetic influences on behavior
• What do schemas represent in cognitive psychology?

  Packages of ideas and information
• How does cognitive neuroscience relate to cognitive psychology?

  Studies biological structures influencing cognition
• What neurotransmitter is associated with schizophrenia?

  Dopamine
• What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

  Genotype is genetic makeup; phenotype is expression
• What does the biological approach consider in explaining behavior?

  Role of brain abnormalities and neurotransmitters
• What theory did Darwin propose that influences behavior?

  Theory of evolution
• What are the key components of the biological approach in psychology?

  • Genetic basis of behavior
  • Role of neurotransmitters
  • Brain structures and abnormalities
  • Influence of evolution on behavior
• What is a strength of the cognitive approach?

  Real world application in cognitive neuroscience
• Why are some elements of the cognitive approach considered unscientific?

  Due to subjectivity in mental processes
• What criticism is made about the cognitive approach's reductionism?

  It is machine reductionist
• Why do psychologists make inferences about mental processes?

  Because they cannot be directly observed