depression

• characteristics of depression categories:

  emotional, cognitive, behavioral
• emotional characteristics of depression:

  • irritability
  • extreme saddness
  • low mood
  • anger
• cognitive characteristics of depression:

  • suicidal thoughts
  • poor concentration
  • black and white thinking
  • negative schema
• behavioral characteristics of depression:

  • changes to sleep levels
  • disruption to sleep
  • disrupted eating
  • reduced movement
  • aggressive to self and others
  • social withdrawl
  • reduced speech
• Ellis' ABC model (depression cycle) cognitive

  A - activating events

  B - beliefs

  C - consequence
• Becks' cognitive theory of depression

  - faulty information processing

  - negative self-schema

  - negative triad
• Beck's cognitive triad

  A) negative views about the world

  B) negative views about yourself

  
• (Beck) negative schemas

  - ineptness schema: expect to fail

  - self-blame schema: feel responsible for all misfortunes

  - negative self-evaluation schema: remind themselves that they are worthless
• (beck) faulty processing information

  - blow small problems out of proportion

  - focus on negatives
• REBT (ellis's):

  • ABCDE - activating event, belief, consequence, dispute, effect
  • identify and dispute irrational thoughts
  • empirical argument: is there evidence?
  • Logical argument: Do thoughts logically follow events?
  • pragmatic dispute: How is this belief likely to help me?
• CBT (beck):

  • identify automatic thoughts about the triad (world, future, self)
  • then challenge these thoughts
  • HOMEWORK - eg keep journal of good things that happen; when in CBT, therapist will use these to disprove thoughts.
• Ellis' idea of Behavioural Activation

  A) self-reinforcing

  B) inactivity

  C) depression

  D) Behavioral Activation

  
• evidence of CBT being as effective as antidepressants


  March et al. (2007):

  327 adolescents diagnosed with depression into 3 groups: CBT, Antidepressants, and both.

  81% of the antidepressant group got better.

  81% of the CBT group got better

  86% of the mix got better
• depression is a mood disorder:

  1. bipolar - periods of mania (hypomania), emotional symptoms, cognitive symptoms, motivational symptoms, somatic symptoms
  2. unipolar - major depression, depressed mood, emotional symptoms, motivational symptoms, cognitive symptoms, somatic symptoms
• this is important to society because it meant we began cognitive therapies which are useful, it also makes the individual feel more heard and have more control
• evaluation for March Et Al:

  • pros: effective as it helped to better treat people
  • cons: does not work for severe cases; patients cannot motivate themselves for CBT; success may be due to relationship with the therapist.