NEUROLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

• Central Nervous System


  Encompasses the brain and spinal cord
• Cerebrospinal fluid


  Subarachnoid space is filled with _, which is formed in the ventricles of the brain and flows through the ventricles into the space
• Brain 


  Located in the cranial cavity
• 1. Cerebrum
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Brain stem
  4. Cerebellum


  Four major division of the brain
• Meninges


  Three layers of connective tissue that protect and nourish the CNS
• Subarachnoid Space 


  Surrounds the brain and spinal cord and is filled with CSF
• Cerebrum


  Divided into the right and left hemispheres
• Corpus Callosum 


  Bundle of nerve fibers responsible for communication between the Left and Right Hemispheres
• Gray matter


  Mediates higher level of functions such as memory, perception, communication, and initiation of voluntary movements
• Diencephalon


  Lies between the cerebral hemispheres and consists of the thalamus and hypothalamus
• Frontal lobe


  Directs voluntary, skeletal actions, communication, emotions, intellect, reasoning ability, judgment, and behavior
• Parietal lobe


  Interprets tactile sensations, including touch, pain, temperature, and two point discrimination
• Occipital lobe


  Influences the ability to read with understanding and is the primary visual receptor center
• Temporal lobe


  Receives and interpret impulses from the ear and contains the wernicke area
• Hypothalamus


  Responsible for regulating functions such as water balance, appetite, vital signs, sleep cycles, pain perception, and emotional status
• 1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla Oblongata

  Three parts of the brain stem
• Cerebellum 


  Include coordination and smoothing of voluntary movements, maintenance of equilibrium, and maintenance of muscle tone
• Spinal cord


  Conducts sensory impulses up and motor senses down
• Spinothalamic tract


  Sensations of pain, temperature, and crude and light touch travel by the way of this tract
• Posterior columns


  Sensations of position, vibration, and fine touch travel by the way of this tract/column
• Peripheral Nervous System


  Carries information to and from the CNS, the peripheral nervous system consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
• Autonomous nervous system

  Maintain the internal homeostasis of the body incorporates the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
• Olfactory


  Sensory - Carries smell impulses from nasal mucous membrane to brain
• Optic


  Sensory - Carries visual impulses from eye to brain
• Oculomotor 


  Motor - Contracts eye muscles to control eye movements (interior lateral, medial, and superior), constricts pupils, and elevates eyelids
• Trochlear


  Motor - Contracts one eye muscle to control inferomedial eye movement
• Trigeminal


  Sensory - Carries sensory impulses of pain, touch, and temperature from the face to the brain

  Motor - Influences clenching and lateral jaw movements
• Abducens


  Motor - Controls lateral eye movements
• Facial


  Sensory - Anterior two thirds of the tongue and stimulates secretion from salivary glands and tears from lacrimal glands
• Vestibulocochlear 


  Sensory - Sensory fibers for hearing and balance
• Glossopharyngeal 


  Sensory - Contains sensory fibers for taste on posterior thirds of the tongue and sensory fibers of the pharynx; For gag reflex
• Vagus


  Sensory - Carries sensation from the throat to the abdominal viscera

  Motor - Promotes swallowing, talking, and production of digestive juices
• Spinal Accessory


  Motor - Innervates neck muscles (SCM and Trapezius) that promote movement of the shoulders and head rotation
• Hypoglossal


  Motor - Innervates tongue muscles that promotes movement of food and talking
• Cerebrovascular Disease


  Has neurologic effects, but the cause is vascular
• Bad nerves


  Serious emotional disorder or mental breakdown
• Ataque de Nervios


  Has various expressions, mostly emotional, such as sense of impending loss of control, chest tightness, a feeling of heat in the body
• Grand mal seizure


  Generalized seizure that affects both hemispheres of the brain
• Absence Seizures


  Other term for petit mal seizures
• Paresthesia


  May occur with damage to the brain, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves