reliability & validity in diagnosis & classification

• What does reliability refer to in the context of schizophrenia diagnosis?

  Consistency in diagnosis
• What is inter-rater reliability?

  Agreement among different clinicians on diagnosis
• What is test-retest reliability?

  Consistency of diagnosis by the same clinician over time
• What reliability score did Osorio et al report for inter-rater reliability in schizophrenia diagnosis?

  +.97
• What reliability score did Osorio et al report for test-retest reliability in schizophrenia diagnosis?

  +.92
• What does good inter-rater reliability indicate in schizophrenia diagnosis?

  Different assessors reach the same diagnosis
• What does good test-retest reliability indicate in schizophrenia diagnosis?

  Same clinician reaches the same diagnosis over time
• What are the key aspects of reliability in schizophrenia diagnosis?

  • Inter-rater reliability: agreement among clinicians
  • Test-retest reliability: consistency over time
• What are the implications of poor validity in schizophrenia diagnosis?

  • Misdiagnosis risk increases
  • Treatment may be inappropriate
  • Patient outcomes may suffer
• What is a problem with the diagnosis of schizophrenia (SZ)?

  Validity
• What does validity refer to in the context of diagnosing SZ?

  Assessing whether we are measuring SZ accurately
• How can criterion validity be measured in diagnosing SZ?

  By comparing diagnoses from different classification systems
• What did Cheniaux et al's research reveal about the validity of SZ diagnoses?

  Validity is poor across classification systems
• How many patients were diagnosed with SZ using ICD criteria in Cheniaux et al's study?

  68 patients
• How many patients were diagnosed with SZ using DSM criteria in Cheniaux et al's study?

  39 patients
• What does co-morbidity refer to in the context of SZ?

  Occurrence of two or more conditions together
• Why is co-morbidity a problem for the diagnosis of SZ?

  It questions the validity of the diagnosis
• What did Buckley et al's review find about patients diagnosed with SZ?

  About half also have depression or substance abuse
• What is symptom overlap in relation to SZ?

  Symptoms of SZ may overlap with other conditions
• How does symptom overlap complicate the diagnosis of SZ?

  It makes distinguishing SZ from other disorders difficult
• Which two conditions show symptom overlap with SZ?

  Bipolar disorder
• What are positive symptoms shared by SZ and bipolar disorder?

  Delusions
• What are negative symptoms shared by SZ and bipolar disorder?

  Avolition
• Why is gender bias a problem in the diagnosis of SZ?

  It leads to misdiagnosis between genders
• Who is diagnosed more commonly with SZ, men or women?

  Men
• What might explain the gender bias in diagnosing SZ?

  Women may function better than men
• How does a female's better functioning affect SZ diagnosis?

  It may lead to under-diagnosis in women
• What does culture bias refer to in the diagnosis of SZ?

  Some cultures are over or under-diagnosed
• How do symptoms of SZ vary across cultures?

  Hearing voices may have different meanings
• What did research show about Afro-Caribbean individuals and SZ diagnosis?

  They are more likely diagnosed in the UK
• What did Escobar's research reveal about black British individuals?

  Symptoms are often overinterpreted by clinicians
• What does poor inter-rater reliability indicate in diagnosing SZ?

  Different psychiatrists may diagnose inconsistently
• How many patients did Cheniaux's study involve?

  100 patients
• How many patients did one psychiatrist diagnose with SZ using DSM in Cheniaux's study?

  26 patients
• How many patients did the other psychiatrist diagnose with SZ using DSM in Cheniaux's study?

  13 patients
• How many patients did one psychiatrist diagnose with SZ using ICD in Cheniaux's study?

  44 patients
• How many patients did the other psychiatrist diagnose with SZ using ICD in Cheniaux's study?

  24 patients
• Why is it important to address biases in the diagnosis of SZ?

  To ensure accurate treatment and support