parasympathetic nervous system

    Cards (28)

    • Which cranial nerve is responsible for pupil control?
      Cranial nerve III (Oculomotor)
    • What glands does cranial nerve VII (Facial) innervate?
      Submaxillary, sublingual, lacrimal glands
    • Which cranial nerve innervates the parotid glands?
      Cranial nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal)
    • What organs does cranial nerve X (Vagus) affect?
      Heart, kidneys, bronchi, GI tract
    • What do sacral nerves innervate?
      Remainder of GI tract, bladder, genitalia
    • What are the major effects of the parasympathetic nervous system?
      • Decrease cardiac rate and force
      • Contraction of visceral smooth muscle
      • Vascular dilatation via endothelium
      • Penile erection
      • Pupil constriction
      • Secretions: sweat, tears, gut acid, saliva
    • What neurotransmitter is released by parasympathetic nerves?
      Acetylcholine
    • What are the two types of cholinergic receptors?
      Nicotinic and Muscarinic receptors
    • What type of receptors are Nicotinic receptors?
      Ligand Gated Ion Channels
    • What type of receptors are Muscarinic receptors?
      G-Protein coupled receptors
    • What effect does M1 receptor activation have?
      Gut acid production and other secretions
    • What is the effect of M2 receptors on the heart?
      Decreased cardiac activity
    • How does the vagus nerve affect heart function?
      It decreases force of contraction and heart rate
    • What is the negative chronotropic effect?
      Slowing down the heart rate
    • What is the negative inotropic effect?
      Reducing the force of cardiac contractions
    • How does acetylcholine affect blood vessels?
      It produces vasodilation of systemic arteries
    • What mediates vasodilation in blood vessels?
      Nitric oxide release from endothelial cells
    • What is the role of acetylcholine in penile erection?
      It causes vasodilation of penile arteries
    • What happens to the corpus cavernosum during erection?
      It becomes engorged with blood
    • What additional substance is released during penile erection?
      Nitric oxide (NO)
    • How does nitric oxide contribute to erection?
      It relaxes smooth muscle in blood vessels
    • What is the effect of parasympathetic activation on non-vascular smooth muscle?
      It stimulates smooth muscle contraction
    • Which muscles contract due to parasympathetic activation?
      Bladder detrusor, airway, gastrointestinal tract
    • What is the effect of M3 receptors on the eye?
      They cause pupil constriction (miosis)
    • How do M3 receptors affect lens accommodation?
      They contract ciliary muscle for lens bulging
    • What is the role of M3 receptors in aqueous humor secretion?
      They increase secretion to maintain pressure
    • How do M3 receptors affect tear production?
      They stimulate secretion of tears
    • What secretions are induced by M1 and M3 receptors?
      • Saliva
      • Gut acid
      • Tears
      • Sweat
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