Endocrine and exocrine glands

• How do hormones from endocrine glands reach their target tissues?


  They travel directly through the bloodstream
• What are the major endocrine glands located in the head?

  Pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland
• What are the major endocrine glands located in the abdomen?

  Pancreas, adrenal glands
• What hormone is secreted by the thymus gland?

  Thymosins
• What is the primary role of testosterone?

  Male reproductive development and function
• What is the primary role of estrogens and progesterone?

  Female reproductive development and function
• What are the primary roles of the hormones from the pituitary gland?

  Growth, milk production, fluid balance, childbirth
• How do the functions of endocrine and exocrine glands differ?

  Endocrine glands secrete hormones; exocrine glands secrete substances through ducts
• What do thyroid hormones (T3, T4) regulate?

  Metabolism and energy production
• What are the endocrine glands located in the abdomen?

  • Pancreas
  • Adrenal glands
  • Kidneys
• Which hormones are secreted by the hypothalamus?

  Releasing and Inhibiting Hormones
• What do estrogens regulate?

  Female reproductive development
• What do effectors do in the feedback mechanism?

  They release hormones to counter the stimulus
• What hormone stimulates milk production after childbirth?

  Prolactin (PRL)
• What does testosterone promote?

  Male reproductive development
• Which organs in the lower abdomen produce hormones?

  Kidneys
• What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?

  Fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance
• What is the primary role of melatonin?

  Regulates sleep cycles and reproduction
• What hormone is secreted by the pineal gland?

  Melatonin
• Which gland is affected by Cushing’s Syndrome?

  Adrenal glands
• What are endocrine glands?

  Ductless organs that secrete hormones
• What hormone is secreted by the testes?

  Testosterone
• What triggers the response in a negative feedback loop?

  A stimulus
• Which endocrine glands are found in the neck?

  Thyroid gland, thymus
• What is the primary function of endocrine glands?

  To secrete hormones into the bloodstream
• What are the hormones secreted by each endocrine gland and their primary roles?

  • Pineal Gland: Melatonin (sleep cycles, reproduction)
  • Hypothalamus: Releasing and Inhibiting Hormones (controls pituitary, homeostasis)
  • Pituitary Gland: GH, PRL, ADH, Oxytocin (growth, milk production, fluid balance, childbirth)
  • Thyroid Gland: T3, T4 (metabolism, energy production)
  • Thymus Gland: Thymosins (T cell development)
  • Pancreas: Insulin, Glucagon (blood glucose regulation)
  • Adrenal Glands: Cortisol, Aldosterone, Epinephrine (stress response, electrolyte balance)
  • Kidneys: Erythropoietin, Renin (red blood cell production, blood pressure)
  • Ovaries: Estrogens, Progesterone (female reproductive function)
  • Testes: Testosterone (male reproductive function)
• What are the endocrine glands located in the neck and upper chest regions?

  • Thyroid gland
  • Thymus gland
• What is the primary role of erythropoietin and renin?

  Red blood cell production and blood pressure regulation
• What does growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) stimulate?


  The release of growth hormone
• What does erythropoietin stimulate?

  Red blood cell production
• What is the primary function of growth hormone (GH)?


  Promotes growth and development
• What bodily functions do hormones regulate?

  Growth, metabolism, and mood
• What hormones are secreted by the adrenal glands?

  Cortisol, Aldosterone, Epinephrine
• What is the primary role of thymosins?

  Develops and matures T cells for immunity
• What is the role of cortisol?

  Regulates metabolism and blood pressure
• What is the function of thymosins?

  Mature T lymphocytes
• Which hormones are secreted by the thyroid gland?

  Thyroid Hormones (T3, T4)
• What hormones are secreted by the pituitary gland?

  GH, PRL, ADH, Oxytocin
• Which hormones are secreted by the kidneys?

  Erythropoietin and Renin
• What does excess growth hormone lead to?

  Gigantism