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    Cards (168)

    • Why do some substances boil easier than others?
      It depends on the strength of intermolecular forces.
    • What happens to liquid nitrogen at room temperature?
      It immediately turns into vapor.
    • What must happen for water to convert to steam?
      Water needs to be heated first.
    • What does the kinetic molecular theory state?
      Matter is composed of tiny particles in motion.
    • How do particle interactions affect matter properties?
      They determine the strength of intermolecular forces.
    • What are the different types of intermolecular forces of attraction?
      • London dispersion forces
      • Dipole-dipole forces
      • Ion-dipole forces
      • Hydrogen bonding forces
    • What are London dispersion forces and dipole-dipole forces collectively known as?
      They are known as van der Waals forces.
    • What is ion-ion interaction?
      Interaction between two oppositely charged particles.
    • What is another name for ion-ion interaction?
      It is also known as ionic bonds.
    • What are the charges of sodium and chloride ions?
      Sodium is positive, chloride is negative.
    • What do ion-dipole interactions involve?
      They involve an ion and a polar molecule.
    • What is the role of ion-dipole interactions in ionic solids?
      They facilitate dissolution in polar solvents.
    • What is a dipole?
      A molecule with partially positive and negative ends.
    • How does the dipole-dipole force exist in HCl molecules?
      Between the positive end of one and negative end of another.
    • What is hydrogen bonding?
      Attractive force when hydrogen is bonded to F, O, or N.
    • What unusual properties of water are attributed to?
      Hydrogen bonding between water molecules.
    • When can hydrogen bonding occur?
      When hydrogen is bonded to F, O, or N.
    • What are London dispersion forces?
      Weak forces present between all neutral molecules.
    • What characterizes a nonpolar molecule?
      It has an equal distribution of charges.
    • What is an instantaneous dipole?
      A temporary dipole that may form at any instant.
    • What can an instantaneous dipole induce?
      It can induce the formation of another dipole.
    • What do all electrically neutral molecules exhibit?
      London dispersion forces (LDF).
    • How are induced dipoles created?
      • Formed when a nonpolar atom becomes polar
      • Caused by the presence of an ion or dipole
    • How can one determine the intermolecular force present for a molecule?
      1. Identify the type of compound (ionic or covalent)
      2. Determine the presence of dipoles
      3. Assess molecular geometry
    • What is the reason why some substances boil easier than others?
      Intermolecular forces of attraction
    • What is the kinetic molecular theory?
      Matter is composed of tiny particles that carry energy, interact with one another and are in constant random motion
    • How do the interactions between particles and their strength determine the properties of matter?
      The interaction between particles and their strength determines certain properties for that matter
    • What are the four main types of intermolecular forces of attraction?
      London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces, ion-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonding forces
    • What are van der Waals forces?
      London dispersion forces and dipole-dipole forces are collectively known as van der Waals forces of attraction
    • What is ion-ion interaction?
      The interaction between two oppositely charged particles
    • What is ion-ion interaction also known as?
      Ionic bonds
    • How do ion-dipole interactions work?
      The partially positive end of the polar molecule interacts with the anion, whereas the partially negative end of the polar molecule interacts with the cation
    • What is a dipole?
      A polar molecule with a partially positive and partially negative end
    • How do dipole-dipole interactions work?
      The partially positive end of one polar molecule interacts with the partially negative end of another polar molecule
    • What atoms can hydrogen form hydrogen bonds with?
      Fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen
    • Why are the properties of water attributed to hydrogen bonding?
      In water, the hydrogen of one molecule is attracted to the oxygen atom of another molecule
    • What is the weakest type of intermolecular force of attraction?
      London dispersion forces
    • How are induced dipoles created?
      An instantaneous dipole may form in a nonpolar molecule, which can then induce the formation of another dipole
    • What is the difference between ionic and covalent compounds?
      Ionic compounds have ion-ion interactions, while covalent compounds depend on polarity
    • How does Coulomb's law govern the strength of ion-ion interactions?
      The strength of the ion-ion interaction is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the distance between the particles
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