Anatomy and pysiology

• What is the role of a gene?

  Genes encode instructions for proteins
• What does the term genotype refer to?

  All genetic factors of an individual
• What is phenotype?

  Characteristics from genotype and environment
• What is the nature of the program described in the study material?

  It is generative, not descriptive
• What is cell differentiation?

  Process where cells become specialized
• What does ontogeny refer to?

  Development of an individual organism
• What is osteogenesis?

  Process of bone formation
• What is intramembranous ossification?

  Bone develops directly from mesenchyme

  
• What is limb budding?

  Formation of limbs during development
• What is endochondral ossification?

  Bone develops from a cartilage model

  
• What are the two processes of bone mass control?

  Bone formation and bone resorption

  
• What is the primary function of bones?

  Support and protect the body
• What is age-related osteopenia?

  Loss of bone density with age
• How many bones are in the human skeleton?

  206 bones
• What are the two divisions of the human skeleton?

  Axial and appendicular skeleton
• What does the axial skeleton consist of?

  Skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage
• What does the appendicular skeleton include?

  Upper and lower limbs plus girdles
• What is the term for the hole in bone?

  Foramen
• What is a tubercle?

  A lump on a bone
• What is a condyle?

  A rounded end, usually articular
• What are the three types of fossae in the endocranial base?

  Anterior, middle, and posterior fossae
• What is the function of the foramen magnum?

  Passage for the spinal cord
• What is the sella turcica?

  Location of the pituitary gland
• What are the muscles of mastication?

  Temporalis, masseter, pterygoids
• How many cervical vertebrae are there?

  7 cervical vertebrae
• What is unique about the atlas vertebra?

  It has no body and large facets
• What is the dens in the axis vertebra?

  Projection for rotation of the head

  
• How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

  12 thoracic vertebrae
• What is the function of costal facets on thoracic vertebrae?

  Attachment for ribs
• How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

  5 lumbar vertebrae
• What is the characteristic of lumbar vertebrae?

  Short, stubby spinous processes
• How many sacral vertebrae are there?

  5 sacral vertebrae
• What happens to sacral vertebrae during development?

  They fuse into the sacrum
• How many ribs are in the thoracic cage?

  24 ribs
• What is the sternum made up of?

  Three bones fused together
• What are the muscles of the thorax responsible for?

  Facilitating breathing and movement
• What is the function of the erector spinae muscles?

  Support and extend the vertebral column
• What is the pelvic diaphragm?

  Muscles of the pelvic floor
• What bones make up the pectoral girdle?

  Scapula and clavicle
• What is the primary bone of the upper limb?

  Humerus