Test revision

• What are sampling methods?

  Strategies used to select study participants
• What is random sampling?

  Every individual has an equal chance of selection
• What is a strength of random sampling?

  It reduces bias in participant selection
• What is a limitation of random sampling?

  It can be time-consuming to implement
• What is systematic sampling?

  Selecting every nth person from a list
• What is a strength of systematic sampling?

  It is easier to implement than random sampling
• What is a limitation of systematic sampling?

  It is still not fully random
• What is stratified sampling?

  Divides population into subgroups and samples proportionally
• What is a strength of stratified sampling?

  It represents population characteristics well
• What is a limitation of stratified sampling?

  It can be complex to organize
• What is opportunity sampling?

  Uses readily available participants
• What is a strength of opportunity sampling?

  It is quick and easy to implement
• What is a limitation of opportunity sampling?

  It is highly biased
• What is volunteer sampling?

  Participants self-select to take part
• What is a strength of volunteer sampling?

  It is ethical as participants consent
• What is a limitation of volunteer sampling?

  It can be unrepresentative of the population
• What are the key principles of designing questionnaires?

  • Clear Questions: Avoid ambiguity or leading language
  • Closed Questions: Provide specific answer options
  • Open Questions: Allow for detailed responses
• What is a strength of questionnaires?

  They are easy to administer to large groups
• What is a limitation of questionnaires?

  There is a risk of misunderstanding questions
• What is response bias in questionnaires?

  Participants give socially desirable answers
• What is a tip for designing effective questionnaires?

  Avoid double-barreled questions
• What is the purpose of pilot testing a questionnaire?

  To ensure clarity of questions
• What is statistical infrequency in defining abnormal behavior?

  Behavior is abnormal if it is rare
• What is a limitation of statistical infrequency?

  Not all rare behaviors are undesirable
• What is deviation from social norms?

  Behavior that goes against societal rules
• What is a limitation of deviation from social norms?

  Norms vary across cultures
• What is failure to function adequately?

  Inability to cope with daily life
• What is a limitation of failure to function adequately?

  It involves subjective judgment on adequacy
• What is deviation from ideal mental health?

  Failing to meet criteria for psychological well-being
• What is a limitation of deviation from ideal mental health?

  Criteria are unrealistic and culturally biased
• What are the cognitive characteristics of phobia?

  Irrational beliefs and concentration difficulties
• What are the emotional characteristics of phobia?

  Intense fear or anxiety disproportionate to threat
• What are the behavioral characteristics of phobia?

  Avoidance of the feared object or situation
• What is the two-process model of phobia?

  1. Classical Conditioning: Phobia acquired through association
  2. Operant Conditioning: Phobia maintained through reinforcement
• What is a limitation of the two-process model?

  It doesn’t account for phobias without triggers
• What does the two-process model overlook?

  Cognitive and biological factors
• What is one definition of abnormality?

  Deviation from Social Norms
• What is another definition of abnormality?

  Failure to Function Adequately
• What is a third definition of abnormality?

  Deviation from Ideal Mental Health
• What is the fourth definition of abnormality?

  Statistical Infrequency